diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.cpp
index 9776d7e632..0e752701c7 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #include "terrainstorage.hpp"
 
 #include <components/esm3/loadland.hpp>
+#include <components/esm4/loadltex.hpp>
+#include <components/esm4/loadtxst.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadwrld.hpp>
 
 #include "../mwbase/environment.hpp"
@@ -111,4 +113,15 @@ namespace MWRender
         return esmStore.get<ESM::LandTexture>().search(index, plugin);
     }
 
+    const ESM4::LandTexture* TerrainStorage::getEsm4LandTexture(ESM::RefId ltexId) const
+    {
+        const MWWorld::ESMStore& esmStore = *MWBase::Environment::get().getESMStore();
+        return esmStore.get<ESM4::LandTexture>().search(ltexId);
+    }
+
+    const ESM4::TextureSet* TerrainStorage::getEsm4TextureSet(ESM::RefId txstId) const
+    {
+        const MWWorld::ESMStore& esmStore = *MWBase::Environment::get().getESMStore();
+        return esmStore.get<ESM4::TextureSet>().search(txstId);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.hpp
index 731f396713..406894fd9b 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwrender/terrainstorage.hpp
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@ namespace MWRender
         osg::ref_ptr<const ESMTerrain::LandObject> getLand(ESM::ExteriorCellLocation cellLocation) override;
         const std::string* getLandTexture(std::uint16_t index, int plugin) override;
 
+        const ESM4::LandTexture* getEsm4LandTexture(ESM::RefId ltexId) const override;
+        const ESM4::TextureSet* getEsm4TextureSet(ESM::RefId txstId) const override;
+
         bool hasData(ESM::ExteriorCellLocation cellLocation) override;
 
         /// Get bounds of the whole terrain in cell units
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/esmstore.hpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/esmstore.hpp
index 0c37f243e8..fc4ef2713b 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/esmstore.hpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/esmstore.hpp
@@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ namespace ESM4
     struct Static;
     struct StaticCollection;
     struct Terminal;
+    struct TextureSet;
     struct Tree;
     struct Weapon;
     struct World;
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ namespace MWWorld
             Store<ESM4::LevelledNpc>, Store<ESM4::Light>, Store<ESM4::MiscItem>, Store<ESM4::MovableStatic>,
             Store<ESM4::Npc>, Store<ESM4::Outfit>, Store<ESM4::Potion>, Store<ESM4::Race>, Store<ESM4::Reference>,
             Store<ESM4::Sound>, Store<ESM4::SoundReference>, Store<ESM4::Static>, Store<ESM4::StaticCollection>,
-            Store<ESM4::Terminal>, Store<ESM4::Tree>, Store<ESM4::Weapon>, Store<ESM4::World>>;
+            Store<ESM4::Terminal>, Store<ESM4::TextureSet>, Store<ESM4::Tree>, Store<ESM4::Weapon>, Store<ESM4::World>>;
 
     private:
         template <typename T>
diff --git a/apps/openmw/mwworld/store.cpp b/apps/openmw/mwworld/store.cpp
index 80bcdb056a..e4e67c2f3d 100644
--- a/apps/openmw/mwworld/store.cpp
+++ b/apps/openmw/mwworld/store.cpp
@@ -1354,6 +1354,7 @@ template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::SoundReference>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::Static>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::StaticCollection>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::Terminal>;
+template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::TextureSet>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::Tree>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::Weapon>;
 template class MWWorld::TypedDynamicStore<ESM4::World>;
diff --git a/components/esm/common.hpp b/components/esm/common.hpp
index 90c60ad6ab..7d149a865c 100644
--- a/components/esm/common.hpp
+++ b/components/esm/common.hpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ namespace ESM
         VER_134 = 0x3fab851f, // FONV, GunRunnersArsenal, LonesomeRoad, OldWorldBlues
         VER_094 = 0x3f70a3d7, // TES5/FO3
         VER_170 = 0x3fd9999a, // TES5
+        VER_171 = 0x3fdae148, // TES5
         VER_095 = 0x3f733333, // FO4
     };
 
diff --git a/components/esm/esmterrain.cpp b/components/esm/esmterrain.cpp
index 4bc6768e51..ec824d5112 100644
--- a/components/esm/esmterrain.cpp
+++ b/components/esm/esmterrain.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ ESM::LandData::LandData(const ESM::Land& land, int loadFlags)
     , mNormals(mData->mNormals)
     , mColors(mData->mColours)
     , mTextures(mData->mTextures)
+    , mIsEsm4(false)
 {
 }
 
@@ -43,9 +44,11 @@ ESM::LandData::LandData(const ESM4::Land& land, int /*loadFlags*/)
     , mMaxHeight(std::numeric_limits<float>::lowest())
     , mSize(Constants::ESM4CellSizeInUnits)
     , mLandSize(ESM4::Land::sVertsPerSide)
+    , mPlugin(land.mId.mContentFile)
     , mNormals(land.mVertNorm)
     , mColors(land.mVertColr)
     , mTextures(textures)
+    , mIsEsm4(true)
 {
     float rowOffset = land.mHeightMap.heightOffset;
     for (int y = 0; y < mLandSize; y++)
@@ -69,6 +72,9 @@ ESM::LandData::LandData(const ESM4::Land& land, int /*loadFlags*/)
     }
 
     mHeights = mHeightsData;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
+        mEsm4Textures[i] = land.mTextures[i];
 }
 
 namespace ESM
diff --git a/components/esm/esmterrain.hpp b/components/esm/esmterrain.hpp
index 991df54c8f..b6b62773d5 100644
--- a/components/esm/esmterrain.hpp
+++ b/components/esm/esmterrain.hpp
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef COMPONENTS_ESM_ESMTERRAIN
 #define COMPONENTS_ESM_ESMTERRAIN
 
+#include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <memory>
 #include <span>
 #include <vector>
 
-namespace ESM4
-{
-    struct Land;
-}
+#include <components/esm4/loadland.hpp>
 
 namespace ESM
 {
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ namespace ESM
         std::span<const float> getHeights() const { return mHeights; }
         std::span<const std::int8_t> getNormals() const { return mNormals; }
         std::span<const std::uint8_t> getColors() const { return mColors; }
-        std::span<const std::uint16_t> getTextures() const { return mTextures; }
         float getSize() const { return mSize; }
         float getMinHeight() const { return mMinHeight; }
         float getMaxHeight() const { return mMaxHeight; }
@@ -36,6 +33,22 @@ namespace ESM
         int getLoadFlags() const { return mLoadFlags; }
         int getPlugin() const { return mPlugin; }
 
+        bool isEsm4() const { return mIsEsm4; }
+
+        std::span<const std::uint16_t> getTextures() const
+        {
+            if (mIsEsm4)
+                throw std::logic_error("ESM3 textures requested from ESM4 LandData");
+            return mTextures;
+        }
+
+        const ESM4::Land::Texture& getEsm4Texture(std::size_t quad) const
+        {
+            if (!mIsEsm4)
+                throw std::logic_error("ESM4 texture requested from ESM3 LandData");
+            return mEsm4Textures[quad];
+        }
+
     private:
         std::unique_ptr<const ESM::LandRecordData> mData;
         int mLoadFlags = 0;
@@ -49,6 +62,8 @@ namespace ESM
         std::span<const std::int8_t> mNormals;
         std::span<const std::uint8_t> mColors;
         std::span<const std::uint16_t> mTextures;
+        std::array<ESM4::Land::Texture, 4> mEsm4Textures;
+        bool mIsEsm4;
     };
 
 }
diff --git a/components/esm/records.hpp b/components/esm/records.hpp
index 0b76fab0ff..3b9f8ccd15 100644
--- a/components/esm/records.hpp
+++ b/components/esm/records.hpp
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
 #include <components/esm4/loadstat.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadterm.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadtree.hpp>
+#include <components/esm4/loadtxst.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadweap.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadwrld.hpp>
 
diff --git a/components/esm4/loadland.cpp b/components/esm4/loadland.cpp
index 53fb1de083..a92b2b5960 100644
--- a/components/esm4/loadland.cpp
+++ b/components/esm4/loadland.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
-  Copyright (C) 2015-2016, 2018, 2020-2021 cc9cii
+  Copyright (C) 2015 - 2024 cc9cii
 
   This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied
   warranty.  In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
      misrepresented as being the original software.
   3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.
 
-  cc9cii cc9c@iinet.net.au
+  cc9cii cc9cii@hotmail.com
 
   Much of the information on the data structures are based on the information
   from Tes4Mod:Mod_File_Format and Tes5Mod:File_Formats but also refined by
@@ -26,13 +26,51 @@
 */
 #include "loadland.hpp"
 
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <stdexcept>
 
 #include <components/debug/debuglog.hpp>
 
 #include "reader.hpp"
-// #include "writer.hpp"
+
+namespace
+{
+    void assignDefaultTextures(ESM4::Land& land, ESM4::Reader& reader)
+    {
+        std::uint32_t esmVer = reader.esmVersion();
+
+        // Note: in games after TES4 it can be configured in ini file (sDefaultLandDiffuseTexture)
+        if (!reader.hasFormVersion() && (esmVer == ESM::VER_080 || esmVer == ESM::VER_100)) // TES4
+        {
+            land.mDefaultDiffuseMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/terrainhddirt01.dds");
+            land.mDefaultNormalMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/terrainhddirt01_n.dds");
+        }
+        else if (reader.hasFormVersion() && reader.formVersion() >= 16
+            && (esmVer == ESM::VER_094 || esmVer == ESM::VER_170 || esmVer == ESM::VER_171)) // TES5
+        {
+            land.mDefaultDiffuseMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/dirt02.dds");
+            land.mDefaultNormalMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/dirt02_n.dds");
+        }
+        else if (esmVer == ESM::VER_095 || esmVer == ESM::VER_100) // FO4
+        {
+            land.mDefaultDiffuseMap
+                = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/ground/commonwealthdefault01_d.dds");
+            land.mDefaultNormalMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/ground/commonwealthdefault01_n.dds");
+        }
+        else if (esmVer == ESM::VER_094 || esmVer == ESM::VER_132 || esmVer == ESM::VER_133 || esmVer == ESM::VER_134)
+        { // FO3, FONV
+            land.mDefaultDiffuseMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/dirtwasteland01.dds");
+            land.mDefaultNormalMap = VFS::Path::NormalizedView("textures/landscape/dirtwasteland01_n.dds");
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            // Nothing especially bad happens if default texture is not set (except of the missing texture of course),
+            // but we throw an error because this case is unexpected and detection logic needs to be updated.
+            throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::Land unknown ESM version");
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 //             overlap north
 //
@@ -53,12 +91,16 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
 {
     mId = reader.getFormIdFromHeader();
     mFlags = reader.hdr().record.flags;
+
     mDataTypes = 0;
     mCell = reader.currCell();
     TxtLayer layer;
     std::int8_t currentAddQuad = -1; // for VTXT following ATXT
+    assignDefaultTextures(*this, reader);
 
-    // std::map<FormId, int> uniqueTextures; // FIXME: for temp testing only
+    layer.texture.formId = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
+        mTextures[i].base.formId = 0;
 
     while (reader.getSubRecordHeader())
     {
@@ -78,12 +120,6 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
             }
             case ESM::fourCC("VHGT"): // vertex height gradient, 4+33x33+3 = 4+1089+3 = 1096
             {
-#if 0
-                reader.get(mHeightMap.heightOffset);
-                reader.get(mHeightMap.gradientData);
-                reader.get(mHeightMap.unknown1);
-                reader.get(mHeightMap.unknown2);
-#endif
                 reader.get(mHeightMap);
                 mDataTypes |= LAND_VHGT;
                 break;
@@ -102,13 +138,9 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
                     if (base.quadrant >= 4)
                         throw std::runtime_error("base texture quadrant index error");
 
-                    reader.adjustFormId(base.formId);
-                    mTextures[base.quadrant].base = std::move(base);
-#if 0
-                    std::cout << "Base Texture formid: 0x"
-                        << std::hex << mTextures[base.quadrant].base.formId
-                        << ", quad " << std::dec << (int)base.quadrant << std::endl;
-#endif
+                    if (base.formId != 0)
+                        reader.adjustFormId(base.formId);
+                    mTextures[base.quadrant].base = base;
                 }
                 break;
             }
@@ -116,31 +148,23 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
             {
                 if (currentAddQuad != -1)
                 {
-                    // FIXME: sometimes there are no VTXT following an ATXT?  Just add a dummy one for now
-                    Log(Debug::Verbose) << "ESM4::Land VTXT empty layer " << layer.texture.layerIndex;
+                    // NOTE: sometimes there are no VTXT following an ATXT
+                    layer.data.resize(1); // just one spot
+                    layer.data.back().position = 0; // this corner
+                    layer.data.back().opacity = 0.f; // transparent
+
+                    if (layer.texture.layerIndex != mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.size())
+                        throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::LAND additional texture skipping layer");
+
                     mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.push_back(layer);
                 }
+
                 reader.get(layer.texture);
-                reader.adjustFormId(layer.texture.formId);
+                if (layer.texture.formId != 0)
+                    reader.adjustFormId(layer.texture.formId);
                 if (layer.texture.quadrant >= 4)
-                    throw std::runtime_error("additional texture quadrant index error");
-#if 0
-                FormId txt = layer.texture.formId;
-                std::map<FormId, int>::iterator lb = uniqueTextures.lower_bound(txt);
-                if (lb != uniqueTextures.end() && !(uniqueTextures.key_comp()(txt, lb->first)))
-                {
-                    lb->second += 1;
-                }
-                else
-                    uniqueTextures.insert(lb, std::make_pair(txt, 1));
-#endif
-#if 0
-                std::cout << "Additional Texture formId: 0x"
-                    << std::hex << layer.texture.formId
-                    << ", quad " << std::dec << (int)layer.texture.quadrant << std::endl;
-                std::cout << "Additional Texture layer: "
-                    << std::dec << (int)layer.texture.layerIndex << std::endl;
-#endif
+                    throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::LAND additional texture quadrant index error");
+
                 currentAddQuad = layer.texture.quadrant;
                 break;
             }
@@ -156,25 +180,17 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
                 if (count)
                 {
                     layer.data.resize(count);
-                    std::vector<ESM4::Land::VTXT>::iterator it = layer.data.begin();
-                    for (; it != layer.data.end(); ++it)
-                    {
-                        reader.get(*it);
-                        // FIXME: debug only
-                        // std::cout << "pos: " << std::dec << (int)(*it).position << std::endl;
-                    }
+                    for (ESM4::Land::VTXT& vtxt : layer.data)
+                        reader.get(vtxt);
                 }
-                mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.push_back(layer);
 
-                // Assumed that the layers are added in the correct sequence
-                // FIXME: Knights.esp doesn't seem to observe this - investigate more
-                // assert(layer.texture.layerIndex == mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.size()-1
-                //&& "additional texture layer index error");
+                if (layer.texture.layerIndex != mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.size())
+                    throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::LAND additional texture skipping layer");
+
+                mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.push_back(layer);
 
                 currentAddQuad = -1;
                 layer.data.clear();
-                // FIXME: debug only
-                // std::cout << "VTXT: count " << std::dec << count << std::endl;
                 break;
             }
             case ESM::fourCC("VTEX"): // only in Oblivion?
@@ -195,44 +211,14 @@ void ESM4::Land::load(ESM4::Reader& reader)
                 reader.skipSubRecordData();
                 break;
             default:
-                throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::LAND::load - Unknown subrecord " + ESM::printName(subHdr.typeId));
+                throw std::runtime_error("ESM4::LAND - Unknown subrecord " + ESM::printName(subHdr.typeId));
         }
     }
 
     if (currentAddQuad != -1)
     {
-        // FIXME: not sure if it happens here as well
+        // not sure if it happens here as well, if so just ignore
         Log(Debug::Verbose) << "ESM4::Land VTXT empty layer " << layer.texture.layerIndex << " quad "
                             << static_cast<unsigned>(layer.texture.quadrant);
-        mTextures[currentAddQuad].layers.push_back(layer);
     }
-
-    bool missing = false;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
-    {
-        if (mTextures[i].base.formId == 0)
-        {
-            // std::cout << "ESM4::LAND " << ESM4::formIdToString(mFormId) << " missing base, quad " << i << std::endl;
-            // std::cout << "layers " << mTextures[i].layers.size() << std::endl;
-            //  NOTE: can't set the default here since FO3/FONV may have different defaults
-            // mTextures[i].base.formId = 0x000008C0; // TerrainHDDirt01.dds
-            missing = true;
-        }
-        // else
-        //{
-        //     std::cout << "ESM4::LAND " << ESM4::formIdToString(mFormId) << " base, quad " << i << std::endl;
-        //     std::cout << "layers " << mTextures[i].layers.size() << std::endl;
-        // }
-    }
-    // at least one of the quadrants do not have a base texture, return without setting the flag
-    if (!missing)
-        mDataTypes |= LAND_VTEX;
 }
-
-// void ESM4::Land::save(ESM4::Writer& writer) const
-//{
-// }
-
-// void ESM4::Land::blank()
-//{
-// }
diff --git a/components/esm4/loadland.hpp b/components/esm4/loadland.hpp
index ccfa009d80..600a235f1c 100644
--- a/components/esm4/loadland.hpp
+++ b/components/esm4/loadland.hpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include <components/esm/defs.hpp>
 #include <components/esm/formid.hpp>
+#include <components/vfs/pathutil.hpp>
 
 namespace ESM4
 {
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ namespace ESM4
         Texture mTextures[4]; // 0 = bottom left, 1 = bottom right, 2 = top left, 3 = top right
         std::vector<ESM::FormId> mIds; // land texture (LTEX) formids
         ESM::FormId mCell;
+        VFS::Path::NormalizedView mDefaultDiffuseMap;
+        VFS::Path::NormalizedView mDefaultNormalMap;
 
         void load(Reader& reader);
 
diff --git a/components/esmterrain/storage.cpp b/components/esmterrain/storage.cpp
index 35ec814aa2..1a07f6fe0a 100644
--- a/components/esmterrain/storage.cpp
+++ b/components/esmterrain/storage.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@
 #include <components/esm/util.hpp>
 #include <components/esm3/loadland.hpp>
 #include <components/esm4/loadland.hpp>
+#include <components/esm4/loadltex.hpp>
+#include <components/esm4/loadtxst.hpp>
 #include <components/misc/resourcehelpers.hpp>
 #include <components/misc/strings/algorithm.hpp>
 #include <components/vfs/manager.hpp>
@@ -89,6 +91,8 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
     LandObject::LandObject(const ESM4::Land& land, int loadFlags)
         : mData(land, loadFlags)
     {
+        mEsm4DefaultLayerInfo.mDiffuseMap = land.mDefaultDiffuseMap;
+        mEsm4DefaultLayerInfo.mNormalMap = land.mDefaultNormalMap;
     }
 
     LandObject::LandObject(const ESM::Land& land, int loadFlags)
@@ -385,9 +389,105 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         return Misc::ResourceHelpers::correctTexturePath(texture, mVFS);
     }
 
+    void Storage::getEsm4Blendmaps(float chunkSize, const osg::Vec2f& chunkCenter, ImageVector& blendmaps,
+        std::vector<Terrain::LayerInfo>& layerList, ESM::RefId worldspace)
+    {
+        const osg::Vec2f origin = chunkCenter - osg::Vec2f(chunkSize - 1, chunkSize + 1) * 0.5f;
+        const int startCellX = static_cast<int>(std::floor(origin.x()));
+        const int startCellY = static_cast<int>(std::floor(origin.y()));
+
+        constexpr int quadsPerCell = 2;
+        constexpr int quadSize = ESM4::Land::sVertsPerSide / quadsPerCell;
+        const int quadCount = static_cast<int>(chunkSize * quadsPerCell);
+        assert(quadCount > 0);
+
+        const int blendmapSize = quadCount * quadSize + 1;
+
+        LandCache cache(startCellX - 1, startCellY - 1, static_cast<std::size_t>(std::ceil(chunkSize)) + 2);
+        std::pair lastCell{ startCellX, startCellY };
+        const LandObject* land = getLand(ESM::ExteriorCellLocation(startCellX, startCellY, worldspace), cache);
+
+        std::map<ESM::FormId, std::size_t> textureIndicesMap;
+
+        auto getOrCreateBlendmap = [&](ESM::FormId texId) -> unsigned char* {
+            auto found = textureIndicesMap.find(texId);
+            if (found != textureIndicesMap.end())
+                return blendmaps[found->second]->data();
+            Terrain::LayerInfo info
+                = texId.isZeroOrUnset() ? land->getEsm4DefaultLayerInfo() : getLandTextureLayerInfo(texId);
+            osg::ref_ptr<osg::Image> image(new osg::Image);
+            image->allocateImage(blendmapSize, blendmapSize, 1, GL_ALPHA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE);
+            std::memset(image->data(), 0, image->getTotalDataSize());
+            textureIndicesMap.emplace(texId, blendmaps.size());
+            blendmaps.push_back(std::move(image));
+            layerList.push_back(std::move(info));
+            return blendmaps.back()->data();
+        };
+
+        const auto handleSample = [&](const CellSample& sample) {
+            const std::pair cell{ sample.mCellX, sample.mCellY };
+            if (lastCell != cell)
+            {
+                land = getLand(ESM::ExteriorCellLocation(sample.mCellX, sample.mCellY, worldspace), cache);
+                lastCell = cell;
+            }
+            if (!land)
+                return;
+            const ESM::LandData* ldata = land->getData(0);
+            if (!ldata)
+                return;
+            int quad;
+            if (sample.mSrcRow == 0)
+                quad = sample.mSrcCol == 0 ? 0 : 2;
+            else
+                quad = sample.mSrcCol == 0 ? 1 : 3;
+            const ESM4::Land::Texture& ltex = ldata->getEsm4Texture(quad);
+
+            unsigned char* const baseBlendmap = getOrCreateBlendmap(ESM::FormId::fromUint32(ltex.base.formId));
+            int starty = (static_cast<int>(sample.mDstCol) - 1) * quadSize;
+            int startx = sample.mDstRow * quadSize;
+            for (int y = std::max(0, starty + 1); y <= starty + quadSize && y < blendmapSize; ++y)
+            {
+                unsigned char* const row = baseBlendmap + (blendmapSize - y - 1) * blendmapSize;
+                for (int x = startx; x < startx + quadSize && x < blendmapSize; ++x)
+                    row[x] = 255;
+            }
+
+            for (const auto& layer : ltex.layers)
+            {
+                unsigned char* const layerBlendmap = getOrCreateBlendmap(ESM::FormId::fromUint32(layer.texture.formId));
+                for (const ESM4::Land::VTXT& v : layer.data)
+                {
+                    int y = v.position / (quadSize + 1);
+                    int x = v.position % (quadSize + 1);
+                    if (x == quadSize || startx + x >= blendmapSize || y == 0 || starty + y >= blendmapSize
+                        || starty + y < 0)
+                    {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    int index = (blendmapSize - starty - y - 1) * blendmapSize + startx + x;
+                    int delta = std::clamp(static_cast<int>(v.opacity * 255), 0, 255);
+                    baseBlendmap[index] = std::max(0, baseBlendmap[index] - delta);
+                    layerBlendmap[index] = delta;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        sampleBlendmaps(chunkSize, origin.x(), origin.y(), quadsPerCell, handleSample);
+
+        if (blendmaps.size() == 1)
+            blendmaps.clear(); // If a single texture fills the whole terrain, there is no need to blend
+    }
+
     void Storage::getBlendmaps(float chunkSize, const osg::Vec2f& chunkCenter, ImageVector& blendmaps,
         std::vector<Terrain::LayerInfo>& layerList, ESM::RefId worldspace)
     {
+        if (ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace))
+        {
+            getEsm4Blendmaps(chunkSize, chunkCenter, blendmaps, layerList, worldspace);
+            return;
+        }
+
         const osg::Vec2f origin = chunkCenter - osg::Vec2f(chunkSize, chunkSize) * 0.5f;
         const int startCellX = static_cast<int>(std::floor(origin.x()));
         const int startCellY = static_cast<int>(std::floor(origin.y()));
@@ -613,6 +713,47 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         return info;
     }
 
+    Terrain::LayerInfo Storage::getLandTextureLayerInfo(ESM::FormId id)
+    {
+        if (const ESM4::LandTexture* ltex = getEsm4LandTexture(id))
+        {
+            if (!ltex->mTextureFile.empty())
+                return getLayerInfo("textures/landscape/" + ltex->mTextureFile); // TES4
+            if (const ESM4::TextureSet* txst = getEsm4TextureSet(ltex->mTexture))
+                return getTextureSetLayerInfo(*txst); // TES5
+            else
+                Log(Debug::Warning) << "TextureSet not found: " << ltex->mTexture.toString();
+        }
+        else
+            Log(Debug::Warning) << "LandTexture not found: " << id.toString();
+        return getLayerInfo("");
+    }
+
+    Terrain::LayerInfo Storage::getTextureSetLayerInfo(const ESM4::TextureSet& txst)
+    {
+        Terrain::LayerInfo info;
+
+        assert(!txst.mDiffuse.empty() && "getlayerInfo: empty diffuse map");
+        info.mDiffuseMap = "textures/" + txst.mDiffuse;
+
+        if (!txst.mNormalMap.empty())
+            info.mNormalMap = "textures/" + txst.mNormalMap;
+
+        // FIXME: this flag indicates height info in alpha channel of normal map
+        //        but the normal map alpha channel has specular info instead
+        //        (probably needs some flag in the terrain shader to fix)
+        info.mParallax = false;
+        // FIXME: this flag indicates specular info in alpha channel of diffuse
+        //        but the diffuse alpha channel has transparency data instead
+        //        (probably needs some flag in the terrain shader to fix)
+        info.mSpecular = false;
+
+        // FIXME: should support other features of ESM4::TextureSet
+        //        probably need corresponding support in the terrain shader
+
+        return info;
+    }
+
     float Storage::getCellWorldSize(ESM::RefId worldspace)
     {
         return static_cast<float>(ESM::getCellSize(worldspace));
@@ -623,9 +764,12 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         return ESM::getLandSize(worldspace);
     }
 
-    int Storage::getBlendmapScale(float chunkSize)
+    int Storage::getTextureTileCount(float chunkSize, ESM::RefId worldspace)
     {
-        return ESM::Land::LAND_TEXTURE_SIZE * chunkSize;
+        if (ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace))
+            return static_cast<int>(2 * ESM4::Land::sQuadTexturePerSide * chunkSize);
+        else
+            return static_cast<int>(ESM::Land::LAND_TEXTURE_SIZE * chunkSize);
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/components/esmterrain/storage.hpp b/components/esmterrain/storage.hpp
index 402f2147ab..be3ba87751 100644
--- a/components/esmterrain/storage.hpp
+++ b/components/esmterrain/storage.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <mutex>
 
+#include <components/terrain/defs.hpp>
 #include <components/terrain/storage.hpp>
 
 #include <components/esm/esmterrain.hpp>
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@
 namespace ESM4
 {
     struct Land;
+    struct LandTexture;
+    struct TextureSet;
 }
 
 namespace ESM
@@ -51,9 +54,13 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
 
         int getPlugin() const { return mData.getPlugin(); }
 
+        const Terrain::LayerInfo& getEsm4DefaultLayerInfo() const { return mEsm4DefaultLayerInfo; }
+
     private:
         ESM::LandData mData;
 
+        Terrain::LayerInfo mEsm4DefaultLayerInfo;
+
         LandObject(const LandObject& copy, const osg::CopyOp& copyOp);
     };
 
@@ -74,6 +81,11 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         // Not implemented in this class, because we need different Store implementations for game and editor
         virtual osg::ref_ptr<const LandObject> getLand(ESM::ExteriorCellLocation cellLocation) = 0;
         virtual const std::string* getLandTexture(std::uint16_t index, int plugin) = 0;
+
+        // Not implemented in this class because requires ESMStore
+        virtual const ESM4::LandTexture* getEsm4LandTexture(ESM::RefId ltexId) const { return nullptr; }
+        virtual const ESM4::TextureSet* getEsm4TextureSet(ESM::RefId txstId) const { return nullptr; }
+
         /// Get bounds of the whole terrain in cell units
         void getBounds(float& minX, float& maxX, float& minY, float& maxY, ESM::RefId worldspace) override = 0;
 
@@ -120,7 +132,7 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         /// Get the number of vertices on one side for each cell. Should be (power of two)+1
         int getCellVertices(ESM::RefId worldspace) override;
 
-        int getBlendmapScale(float chunkSize) override;
+        int getTextureTileCount(float chunkSize, ESM::RefId worldspace) override;
 
         float getVertexHeight(const ESM::LandData* data, int x, int y)
         {
@@ -159,6 +171,11 @@ namespace ESMTerrain
         bool mAutoUseSpecularMaps;
 
         Terrain::LayerInfo getLayerInfo(const std::string& texture);
+        Terrain::LayerInfo getTextureSetLayerInfo(const ESM4::TextureSet& txst);
+        Terrain::LayerInfo getLandTextureLayerInfo(ESM::FormId id);
+
+        void getEsm4Blendmaps(float chunkSize, const osg::Vec2f& chunkCenter, ImageVector& blendmaps,
+            std::vector<Terrain::LayerInfo>& layerList, ESM::RefId worldspace);
     };
 
 }
diff --git a/components/terrain/chunkmanager.cpp b/components/terrain/chunkmanager.cpp
index 3d7c2b1dfc..242f3e5700 100644
--- a/components/terrain/chunkmanager.cpp
+++ b/components/terrain/chunkmanager.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 #include <osgUtil/IncrementalCompileOperation>
 
+#include <components/esm/util.hpp>
 #include <components/resource/objectcache.hpp>
 #include <components/resource/scenemanager.hpp>
 
@@ -205,10 +206,10 @@ namespace Terrain
             blendmapTextures.push_back(texture);
         }
 
-        float blendmapScale = mStorage->getBlendmapScale(chunkSize);
+        float tileCount = mStorage->getTextureTileCount(chunkSize, mWorldspace);
 
         return ::Terrain::createPasses(
-            useShaders, mSceneManager, layers, blendmapTextures, blendmapScale, blendmapScale);
+            useShaders, mSceneManager, layers, blendmapTextures, tileCount, tileCount, ESM::isEsm4Ext(mWorldspace));
     }
 
     osg::ref_ptr<osg::Node> ChunkManager::createChunk(float chunkSize, const osg::Vec2f& chunkCenter, unsigned char lod,
diff --git a/components/terrain/material.cpp b/components/terrain/material.cpp
index 9c3a7f589d..350b174d69 100644
--- a/components/terrain/material.cpp
+++ b/components/terrain/material.cpp
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ namespace Terrain
 {
     std::vector<osg::ref_ptr<osg::StateSet>> createPasses(bool useShaders, Resource::SceneManager* sceneManager,
         const std::vector<TextureLayer>& layers, const std::vector<osg::ref_ptr<osg::Texture2D>>& blendmaps,
-        int blendmapScale, float layerTileSize)
+        int blendmapScale, float layerTileSize, bool esm4terrain)
     {
         auto& shaderManager = sceneManager->getShaderManager();
         std::vector<osg::ref_ptr<osg::StateSet>> passes;
@@ -269,7 +269,8 @@ namespace Terrain
                     osg::ref_ptr<osg::Texture2D> blendmap = blendmaps.at(blendmapIndex++);
 
                     stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, blendmap.get());
-                    stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, BlendmapTexMat::value(blendmapScale));
+                    if (!esm4terrain)
+                        stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, BlendmapTexMat::value(blendmapScale));
                     stateset->addUniform(UniformCollection::value().mBlendMap);
                 }
 
@@ -329,7 +330,8 @@ namespace Terrain
                     stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, blendmap.get());
 
                     // This is to map corner vertices directly to the center of a blendmap texel.
-                    stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, BlendmapTexMat::value(blendmapScale));
+                    if (!esm4terrain)
+                        stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, BlendmapTexMat::value(blendmapScale));
                     stateset->setTextureAttributeAndModes(1, TexEnvCombine::value(), osg::StateAttribute::ON);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/components/terrain/material.hpp b/components/terrain/material.hpp
index 1dbf6d8fc8..fca14d8b3e 100644
--- a/components/terrain/material.hpp
+++ b/components/terrain/material.hpp
@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@ namespace Terrain
     {
         osg::ref_ptr<osg::Texture2D> mDiffuseMap;
         osg::ref_ptr<osg::Texture2D> mNormalMap; // optional
-        bool mParallax;
-        bool mSpecular;
+        bool mParallax = false;
+        bool mSpecular = false;
     };
 
     std::vector<osg::ref_ptr<osg::StateSet>> createPasses(bool useShaders, Resource::SceneManager* sceneManager,
         const std::vector<TextureLayer>& layers, const std::vector<osg::ref_ptr<osg::Texture2D>>& blendmaps,
-        int blendmapScale, float layerTileSize);
-
+        int blendmapScale, float layerTileSize, bool esm4terrain = false);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/components/terrain/quadtreeworld.cpp b/components/terrain/quadtreeworld.cpp
index 99938d7b3a..0d7f1b7762 100644
--- a/components/terrain/quadtreeworld.cpp
+++ b/components/terrain/quadtreeworld.cpp
@@ -289,11 +289,12 @@ namespace Terrain
         , mLodFactor(lodFactor)
         , mVertexLodMod(vertexLodMod)
         , mViewDistance(std::numeric_limits<float>::max())
-        , mMinSize(ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace) ? 1 / 4.f : 1 / 8.f)
+        , mMinSize(ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace) ? 1 / 2.f : 1 / 8.f)
         , mDebugTerrainChunks(debugChunks)
     {
         mChunkManager->setCompositeMapSize(compMapResolution);
-        mChunkManager->setCompositeMapLevel(compMapLevel);
+        mChunkManager->setCompositeMapLevel(
+            ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace) ? compMapLevel * 2 /*because cells are twice smaller*/ : compMapLevel);
         mChunkManager->setMaxCompositeGeometrySize(maxCompGeometrySize);
         mChunkManagers.push_back(mChunkManager.get());
 
diff --git a/components/terrain/storage.hpp b/components/terrain/storage.hpp
index b1007c13e6..38aee20b8b 100644
--- a/components/terrain/storage.hpp
+++ b/components/terrain/storage.hpp
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ namespace Terrain
         /// Get the number of vertices on one side for each cell. Should be (power of two)+1
         virtual int getCellVertices(ESM::RefId worldspace) = 0;
 
-        virtual int getBlendmapScale(float chunkSize) = 0;
+        /// Get the number of texture tiles on one side per chunk (chunkSize 1.0 = 1 cell).
+        virtual int getTextureTileCount(float chunkSize, ESM::RefId worldspace) = 0;
     };
 
 }
diff --git a/components/terrain/terraingrid.cpp b/components/terrain/terraingrid.cpp
index 88fcaf667d..aff72d2d79 100644
--- a/components/terrain/terraingrid.cpp
+++ b/components/terrain/terraingrid.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #include "heightcull.hpp"
 #include "storage.hpp"
 #include "view.hpp"
+
+#include <components/esm/util.hpp>
 #include <components/sceneutil/positionattitudetransform.hpp>
 
 namespace Terrain
@@ -27,13 +29,13 @@ namespace Terrain
         unsigned int borderMask)
         : Terrain::World(
             parent, compileRoot, resourceSystem, storage, nodeMask, preCompileMask, borderMask, worldspace, expiryDelay)
-        , mNumSplits(4)
+        , mNumSplits(ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace) ? 2 : 4)
     {
     }
 
     TerrainGrid::TerrainGrid(osg::Group* parent, Storage* storage, ESM::RefId worldspace, unsigned int nodeMask)
         : Terrain::World(parent, storage, nodeMask, worldspace)
-        , mNumSplits(4)
+        , mNumSplits(ESM::isEsm4Ext(worldspace) ? 2 : 4)
     {
     }