Particles (#1367)

https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/de82e298-acfb-431d-973a-2d37b9a707ae

resolves #293

---------

Co-authored-by: Krzysztof Wiśniewski <argmaster.world@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: IntegratedQuantum <43880493+IntegratedQuantum@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Krzysztof Wiśniewski <Argmaster@users.noreply.github.com>

assets/cubyz/particles/poof.zig.zon

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.{
+	.texture = "cubyz:poof",
+}

assets/cubyz/shaders/particles/particles.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#version 430
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 fragColor;
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 textureCoords;
+layout(location = 1) flat in vec3 light;
+
+layout(binding = 0) uniform sampler2DArray textureSampler;
+layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2DArray emissionTextureSampler;
+
+void main() {
+	const vec4 texColor = texture(textureSampler, textureCoords);
+	if(texColor.a != 1) discard;
+
+	const vec3 pixelLight = max(light, texture(emissionTextureSampler, textureCoords).r*4);
+	fragColor = texColor*vec4(pixelLight, 1);
+}

assets/cubyz/shaders/particles/particles.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#version 460
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec3 textureCoords;
+layout(location = 1) flat out vec3 light;
+
+layout(location = 0) uniform vec3 ambientLight;
+layout(location = 1) uniform mat4 projectionAndViewMatrix;
+layout(location = 2) uniform mat4 billboardMatrix;
+
+struct ParticleData {
+	vec3 pos;
+	float rotation;
+	float lifeRatio;
+	uint light;
+	uint type;
+};
+layout(std430, binding = 13) restrict readonly buffer _particleData
+{
+	ParticleData particleData[];
+};
+
+struct ParticleTypeData {
+	float animationFrames;
+	float startFrame;
+	float size;
+};
+layout(std430, binding = 14) restrict readonly buffer _particleTypeData
+{
+	ParticleTypeData particleTypeData[];
+};
+
+const vec2 uvPositions[4] = vec2[4]
+(
+	vec2(0.0f, 0.0f),
+	vec2(0.0f, 1.0f),
+	vec2(1.0f, 0.0f),
+	vec2(1.0f, 1.0f)
+);
+
+const vec3 facePositions[4] = vec3[4]
+(
+	vec3(-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
+	vec3(-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f),
+	vec3(0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f),
+	vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f)
+);
+
+void main() {
+	int particleID = gl_VertexID >> 2;
+	int vertexID = gl_VertexID & 3;
+	ParticleData particle = particleData[particleID];
+	ParticleTypeData particleType = particleTypeData[particle.type];
+
+	uint fullLight = particle.light;
+	vec3 sunLight = vec3(
+		fullLight >> 25 & 31u,
+		fullLight >> 20 & 31u,
+		fullLight >> 15 & 31u
+	);
+	vec3 blockLight = vec3(
+		fullLight >> 10 & 31u,
+		fullLight >> 5 & 31u,
+		fullLight >> 0 & 31u
+	);
+	light = max(sunLight*ambientLight, blockLight)/31;
+
+	float rotation = particle.rotation;
+	vec3 faceVertPos = facePositions[vertexID];
+	float sn = sin(rotation);
+	float cs = cos(rotation);
+	const vec3 vertexRotationPos = vec3(
+		faceVertPos.x*cs - faceVertPos.y*sn,
+		faceVertPos.x*sn + faceVertPos.y*cs,
+		0
+	);
+
+	const vec3 vertexPos = (billboardMatrix*vec4(particleType.size*vertexRotationPos, 1)).xyz + particle.pos;
+	gl_Position = projectionAndViewMatrix*vec4(vertexPos, 1);
+
+	float textureIndex = floor(particle.lifeRatio*particleType.animationFrames + particleType.startFrame);
+	textureCoords = vec3(uvPositions[vertexID], textureIndex);
+}

src/assets.zig

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const items_zig = @import("items.zig");
 const migrations_zig = @import("migrations.zig");
 const blueprints_zig = @import("blueprint.zig");
 const Blueprint = blueprints_zig.Blueprint;
+const particles_zig = @import("particles.zig");
 const ZonElement = @import("zon.zig").ZonElement;
 const main = @import("main");
 const biomes_zig = main.server.terrain.biomes;
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 	models: BytesHashMap,
 	structureBuildingBlocks: ZonHashMap,
 	blueprints: BytesHashMap,
+	particles: ZonHashMap,
 
 	fn init() Assets {
 		return .{
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 			.models = .{},
 			.structureBuildingBlocks = .{},
 			.blueprints = .{},
+			.particles = .{},
 		};
 	}
 	fn deinit(self: *Assets, allocator: NeverFailingAllocator) void {
@@ -59,6 +62,7 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 		self.models.deinit(allocator.allocator);
 		self.structureBuildingBlocks.deinit(allocator.allocator);
 		self.blueprints.deinit(allocator.allocator);
+		self.particles.deinit(allocator.allocator);
 	}
 	fn clone(self: Assets, allocator: NeverFailingAllocator) Assets {
 		return .{
@@ -72,6 +76,7 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 			.models = self.models.clone(allocator.allocator) catch unreachable,
 			.structureBuildingBlocks = self.structureBuildingBlocks.clone(allocator.allocator) catch unreachable,
 			.blueprints = self.blueprints.clone(allocator.allocator) catch unreachable,
+			.particles = self.particles.clone(allocator.allocator) catch unreachable,
 		};
 	}
 	fn read(self: *Assets, allocator: NeverFailingAllocator, assetPath: []const u8) void {
@@ -88,12 +93,13 @@ pub const Assets = struct {
 			addon.readAllZon(allocator, "sbb", true, &self.structureBuildingBlocks, null);
 			addon.readAllBlueprints(allocator, "sbb", &self.blueprints);
 			addon.readAllModels(allocator, &self.models);
+			addon.readAllZon(allocator, "particles", true, &self.particles, null);
 		}
 	}
 	fn log(self: *Assets, typ: enum {common, world}) void {
 		std.log.info(
-			"Finished {s} assets reading with {} blocks ({} migrations), {} items, {} tools, {} biomes ({} migrations), {} recipes, {} structure building blocks and {} blueprints",
-			.{@tagName(typ), self.blocks.count(), self.blockMigrations.count(), self.items.count(), self.tools.count(), self.biomes.count(), self.biomeMigrations.count(), self.recipes.count(), self.structureBuildingBlocks.count(), self.blueprints.count()},
+			"Finished {s} assets reading with {} blocks ({} migrations), {} items, {} tools, {} biomes ({} migrations), {} recipes, {} structure building blocks, {} blueprints and {} particles",
+			.{@tagName(typ), self.blocks.count(), self.blockMigrations.count(), self.items.count(), self.tools.count(), self.biomes.count(), self.biomeMigrations.count(), self.recipes.count(), self.structureBuildingBlocks.count(), self.blueprints.count(), self.particles.count()},
 		);
 	}
 
@@ -598,6 +604,11 @@ pub fn loadWorldAssets(assetFolder: []const u8, blockPalette: *Palette, itemPale
 	try sbb.registerBlueprints(&worldAssets.blueprints);
 	try sbb.registerSBB(&worldAssets.structureBuildingBlocks);
 
+	iterator = worldAssets.particles.iterator();
+	while(iterator.next()) |entry| {
+		particles_zig.ParticleManager.register(assetFolder, entry.key_ptr.*, entry.value_ptr.*);
+	}
+
 	// Biomes:
 	var nextBiomeNumericId: u32 = 0;
 	for(biomePalette.palette.items) |id| {

src/game.zig

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ const ZonElement = @import("zon.zig").ZonElement;
 const main = @import("main");
 const KeyBoard = main.KeyBoard;
 const network = @import("network.zig");
+const particles = @import("particles.zig");
 const Connection = network.Connection;
 const ConnectionManager = network.ConnectionManager;
 const vec = @import("vec.zig");
@@ -674,6 +675,7 @@ pub const World = struct { // MARK: World
 		main.Window.setMouseGrabbed(true);
 
 		main.blocks.meshes.generateTextureArray();
+		main.particles.ParticleManager.generateTextureArray();
 		main.models.uploadModels();
 	}
 
@@ -1219,4 +1221,5 @@ pub fn update(deltaTime: f64) void { // MARK: update()
 	fog.fogHigher = (biome.fogHigher - fog.fogHigher)*t + fog.fogHigher;
 
 	world.?.update();
+	particles.ParticleSystem.update(@floatCast(deltaTime));
 }

src/graphics.zig

@@ -1829,9 +1829,15 @@ pub const SSBO = struct { // MARK: SSBO
 		c.glBindBuffer(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
 	}
 
-	pub fn createDynamicBuffer(self: SSBO, size: usize) void {
+	pub fn bufferSubData(self: SSBO, comptime T: type, data: []const T, length: usize) void {
 		c.glBindBuffer(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, self.bufferID);
-		c.glBufferData(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, @intCast(size), null, c.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
+		c.glBufferSubData(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0, @intCast(length*@sizeOf(T)), data.ptr);
+		c.glBindBuffer(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
+	}
+
+	pub fn createDynamicBuffer(self: SSBO, comptime T: type, size: usize) void {
+		c.glBindBuffer(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, self.bufferID);
+		c.glBufferData(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, @intCast(size*@sizeOf(T)), null, c.GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 		c.glBindBuffer(c.GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, 0);
 	}
 };
@@ -2159,8 +2165,8 @@ pub const TextureArray = struct { // MARK: TextureArray
 
 	/// (Re-)Generates the GPU buffer.
 	pub fn generate(self: TextureArray, images: []Image, mipmapping: bool, alphaCorrectMipmapping: bool) void {
-		var maxWidth: u31 = 0;
-		var maxHeight: u31 = 0;
+		var maxWidth: u31 = 1;
+		var maxHeight: u31 = 1;
 		for(images) |image| {
 			maxWidth = @max(maxWidth, image.width);
 			maxHeight = @max(maxHeight, image.height);

src/gui/windows/debug.zig

@@ -124,5 +124,7 @@ pub fn render() void {
 		}
 		draw.print("Opaque faces: {}, Transparent faces: {}", .{main.renderer.chunk_meshing.quadsDrawn, main.renderer.chunk_meshing.transparentQuadsDrawn}, 0, y, 8, .left);
 		y += 8;
+		draw.print("Particle count: {}/{}", .{main.particles.ParticleSystem.getParticleCount(), main.particles.ParticleSystem.maxCapacity}, 0, y, 8, .left);
+		y += 8;
 	}
 }

src/gui/windows/gpu_performance_measuring.zig

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ pub const Samples = enum(u8) {
 	chunk_rendering_occlusion_test,
 	chunk_rendering_new_visible,
 	entity_rendering,
+	particle_rendering,
 	transparent_rendering_preparation,
 	transparent_rendering_occlusion_test,
 	transparent_rendering,
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ const names = [_][]const u8{
 	"Chunk Rendering Occlusion Test",
 	"Chunk Rendering New Visible",
 	"Entity Rendering",
+	"Particle Rendering",
 	"Transparent Rendering Preparation",
 	"Transparent Rendering Occlusion Test",
 	"Transparent Rendering",

src/main.zig

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub const random = @import("random.zig");
 pub const renderer = @import("renderer.zig");
 pub const rotation = @import("rotation.zig");
 pub const settings = @import("settings.zig");
+pub const particles = @import("particles.zig");
 const tag = @import("tag.zig");
 pub const Tag = tag.Tag;
 pub const utils = @import("utils.zig");
@@ -644,6 +645,9 @@ pub fn main() void { // MARK: main()
 	gui.init();
 	defer gui.deinit();
 
+	particles.ParticleManager.init();
+	defer particles.ParticleManager.deinit();
+
 	if(settings.playerName.len == 0) {
 		gui.openWindow("change_name");
 	} else {

src/particles.zig

@@ -0,0 +1,450 @@
+const std = @import("std");
+
+const main = @import("main");
+const chunk_meshing = @import("renderer/chunk_meshing.zig");
+const graphics = @import("graphics.zig");
+const SSBO = graphics.SSBO;
+const TextureArray = graphics.TextureArray;
+const Shader = graphics.Shader;
+const Image = graphics.Image;
+const c = graphics.c;
+const game = @import("game.zig");
+const ZonElement = @import("zon.zig").ZonElement;
+const random = @import("random.zig");
+const vec = @import("vec.zig");
+const Mat4f = vec.Mat4f;
+const Vec3d = vec.Vec3d;
+const Vec4d = vec.Vec4d;
+const Vec3f = vec.Vec3f;
+const Vec4f = vec.Vec4f;
+const Vec3i = vec.Vec3i;
+
+var seed: u64 = undefined;
+
+var arena = main.heap.NeverFailingArenaAllocator.init(main.globalAllocator);
+const arenaAllocator = arena.allocator();
+
+pub const ParticleManager = struct {
+	var particleTypesSSBO: SSBO = undefined;
+	var types: main.List(ParticleType) = undefined;
+	var textures: main.List(Image) = undefined;
+	var emissionTextures: main.List(Image) = undefined;
+
+	var textureArray: TextureArray = undefined;
+	var emissionTextureArray: TextureArray = undefined;
+
+	const ParticleIndex = u16;
+	var particleTypeHashmap: std.StringHashMapUnmanaged(ParticleIndex) = undefined;
+
+	pub fn init() void {
+		types = .init(arenaAllocator);
+		textures = .init(arenaAllocator);
+		emissionTextures = .init(arenaAllocator);
+		textureArray = .init();
+		emissionTextureArray = .init();
+		particleTypesSSBO = SSBO.init();
+		ParticleSystem.init();
+	}
+
+	pub fn deinit() void {
+		types.deinit();
+		textures.deinit();
+		emissionTextures.deinit();
+		textureArray.deinit();
+		emissionTextureArray.deinit();
+		particleTypeHashmap.deinit(arenaAllocator.allocator);
+		ParticleSystem.deinit();
+		particleTypesSSBO.deinit();
+		arena.deinit();
+	}
+
+	pub fn register(assetsFolder: []const u8, id: []const u8, zon: ZonElement) void {
+		const textureId = zon.get(?[]const u8, "texture", null) orelse {
+			std.log.err("Particle texture id was not specified for {s} ({s})", .{id, assetsFolder});
+			return;
+		};
+
+		const particleType = readTextureDataAndParticleType(assetsFolder, textureId);
+
+		particleTypeHashmap.put(arenaAllocator.allocator, id, @intCast(types.items.len)) catch unreachable;
+		types.append(particleType);
+
+		std.log.debug("Registered particle type: {s}", .{id});
+	}
+	fn readTextureDataAndParticleType(assetsFolder: []const u8, textureId: []const u8) ParticleType {
+		var typ: ParticleType = undefined;
+
+		const base = readTexture(assetsFolder, textureId, ".png", Image.defaultImage, .isMandatory);
+		const emission = readTexture(assetsFolder, textureId, "_emission.png", Image.emptyImage, .isOptional);
+		const hasEmission = (emission.imageData.ptr != Image.emptyImage.imageData.ptr);
+		const baseAnimationFrameCount = base.height/base.width;
+		const emissionAnimationFrameCount = emission.height/emission.width;
+
+		typ.frameCount = @floatFromInt(baseAnimationFrameCount);
+		typ.startFrame = @floatFromInt(textures.items.len);
+		typ.size = @as(f32, @floatFromInt(base.width))/16;
+
+		var isBaseBroken = false;
+		var isEmissionBroken = false;
+
+		if(base.height%base.width != 0) {
+			std.log.err("Particle base texture has incorrect dimensions ({}x{}) expected height to be multiple of width for {s} ({s})", .{base.width, base.height, textureId, assetsFolder});
+			isBaseBroken = true;
+		}
+		if(hasEmission and emission.height%emission.width != 0) {
+			std.log.err("Particle emission texture has incorrect dimensions ({}x{}) expected height to be multiple of width for {s} ({s})", .{base.width, base.height, textureId, assetsFolder});
+			isEmissionBroken = true;
+		}
+		if(hasEmission and baseAnimationFrameCount != emissionAnimationFrameCount) {
+			std.log.err("Particle base texture and emission texture frame count mismatch ({} vs {}) for {s} ({s})", .{baseAnimationFrameCount, emissionAnimationFrameCount, textureId, assetsFolder});
+			isEmissionBroken = true;
+		}
+
+		createAnimationFrames(&textures, baseAnimationFrameCount, base, isBaseBroken);
+		createAnimationFrames(&emissionTextures, baseAnimationFrameCount, emission, isBaseBroken or isEmissionBroken or !hasEmission);
+
+		return typ;
+	}
+
+	fn readTexture(assetsFolder: []const u8, textureId: []const u8, suffix: []const u8, default: graphics.Image, status: enum {isOptional, isMandatory}) graphics.Image {
+		var splitter = std.mem.splitScalar(u8, textureId, ':');
+		const mod = splitter.first();
+		const id = splitter.rest();
+
+		const gameAssetsPath = std.fmt.allocPrint(main.stackAllocator.allocator, "assets/{s}/particles/textures/{s}{s}", .{mod, id, suffix}) catch unreachable;
+		defer main.stackAllocator.free(gameAssetsPath);
+
+		const worldAssetsPath = std.fmt.allocPrint(main.stackAllocator.allocator, "{s}/{s}/particles/textures/{s}{s}", .{assetsFolder, mod, id, suffix}) catch unreachable;
+		defer main.stackAllocator.free(worldAssetsPath);
+
+		return graphics.Image.readFromFile(arenaAllocator, worldAssetsPath) catch graphics.Image.readFromFile(arenaAllocator, gameAssetsPath) catch {
+			if(status == .isMandatory) std.log.err("Particle texture not found in {s} and {s}.", .{worldAssetsPath, gameAssetsPath});
+			return default;
+		};
+	}
+
+	fn createAnimationFrames(container: *main.List(Image), frameCount: usize, image: Image, isBroken: bool) void {
+		for(0..frameCount) |i| {
+			container.append(if(isBroken) image else extractAnimationSlice(image, i));
+		}
+	}
+
+	fn extractAnimationSlice(image: Image, frameIndex: usize) Image {
+		const frameCount = image.height/image.width;
+		const frameHeight = image.height/frameCount;
+		const startHeight = frameHeight*frameIndex;
+		const endHeight = frameHeight*(frameIndex + 1);
+		var result = image;
+		result.height = @intCast(frameHeight);
+		result.imageData = result.imageData[startHeight*image.width .. endHeight*image.width];
+		return result;
+	}
+
+	pub fn generateTextureArray() void {
+		textureArray.generate(textures.items, true, true);
+		emissionTextureArray.generate(emissionTextures.items, true, false);
+
+		particleTypesSSBO.bufferData(ParticleType, ParticleManager.types.items);
+		particleTypesSSBO.bind(14);
+	}
+};
+
+pub const ParticleSystem = struct {
+	pub const maxCapacity: u32 = 524288;
+	var particleCount: u32 = 0;
+	var particles: [maxCapacity]Particle = undefined;
+	var particlesLocal: [maxCapacity]ParticleLocal = undefined;
+	var properties: EmitterProperties = undefined;
+	var previousPlayerPos: Vec3d = undefined;
+
+	var particlesSSBO: SSBO = undefined;
+
+	var pipeline: graphics.Pipeline = undefined;
+	const UniformStruct = struct {
+		projectionAndViewMatrix: c_int,
+		billboardMatrix: c_int,
+		ambientLight: c_int,
+	};
+	var uniforms: UniformStruct = undefined;
+
+	pub fn init() void {
+		pipeline = graphics.Pipeline.init(
+			"assets/cubyz/shaders/particles/particles.vert",
+			"assets/cubyz/shaders/particles/particles.frag",
+			"",
+			&uniforms,
+			.{},
+			.{.depthTest = true, .depthWrite = true},
+			.{.attachments = &.{.noBlending}},
+		);
+
+		properties = EmitterProperties{
+			.gravity = .{0, 0, -2},
+			.drag = 0.2,
+			.lifeTimeMin = 10,
+			.lifeTimeMax = 10,
+			.velMin = 0.1,
+			.velMax = 0.3,
+			.rotVelMin = std.math.pi*0.2,
+			.rotVelMax = std.math.pi*0.6,
+			.randomizeRotationOnSpawn = true,
+		};
+		particlesSSBO = SSBO.init();
+		particlesSSBO.createDynamicBuffer(Particle, maxCapacity);
+		particlesSSBO.bind(13);
+
+		seed = @bitCast(@as(i64, @truncate(std.time.nanoTimestamp())));
+	}
+
+	pub fn deinit() void {
+		pipeline.deinit();
+		particlesSSBO.deinit();
+	}
+
+	pub fn update(deltaTime: f32) void {
+		const vecDeltaTime: Vec4f = @as(Vec4f, @splat(deltaTime));
+		const playerPos = game.Player.getEyePosBlocking();
+		const prevPlayerPosDifference: Vec3f = @floatCast(previousPlayerPos - playerPos);
+
+		var i: u32 = 0;
+		while(i < particleCount) {
+			const particle = &particles[i];
+			const particleLocal = &particlesLocal[i];
+			particle.lifeRatio -= particleLocal.lifeVelocity*deltaTime;
+			if(particle.lifeRatio < 0) {
+				particleCount -= 1;
+				particles[i] = particles[particleCount];
+				particlesLocal[i] = particlesLocal[particleCount];
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			var rot = particle.posAndRotation[3];
+			const rotVel = particleLocal.velAndRotationVel[3];
+			rot += rotVel*deltaTime;
+
+			particleLocal.velAndRotationVel += vec.combine(properties.gravity, 0)*vecDeltaTime;
+			particleLocal.velAndRotationVel *= @splat(@exp(-properties.drag*deltaTime));
+			const posDelta = particleLocal.velAndRotationVel*vecDeltaTime;
+
+			if(particleLocal.collides) {
+				const size = ParticleManager.types.items[particle.typ].size;
+				const hitBox: game.collision.Box = .{.min = @splat(size*-0.5), .max = @splat(size*0.5)};
+				var v3Pos = playerPos + @as(Vec3d, @floatCast(Vec3f{particle.posAndRotation[0], particle.posAndRotation[1], particle.posAndRotation[2]} + prevPlayerPosDifference));
+				v3Pos[0] += posDelta[0];
+				if(game.collision.collides(.client, .x, -posDelta[0], v3Pos, hitBox)) |box| {
+					v3Pos[0] = if(posDelta[0] < 0)
+						box.max[0] - hitBox.min[0]
+					else
+						box.min[0] - hitBox.max[0];
+				}
+				v3Pos[1] += posDelta[1];
+				if(game.collision.collides(.client, .y, -posDelta[1], v3Pos, hitBox)) |box| {
+					v3Pos[1] = if(posDelta[1] < 0)
+						box.max[1] - hitBox.min[1]
+					else
+						box.min[1] - hitBox.max[1];
+				}
+				v3Pos[2] += posDelta[2];
+				if(game.collision.collides(.client, .z, -posDelta[2], v3Pos, hitBox)) |box| {
+					v3Pos[2] = if(posDelta[2] < 0)
+						box.max[2] - hitBox.min[2]
+					else
+						box.min[2] - hitBox.max[2];
+				}
+				particle.posAndRotation = vec.combine(@as(Vec3f, @floatCast(v3Pos - playerPos)), 0);
+			} else {
+				particle.posAndRotation += posDelta + vec.combine(prevPlayerPosDifference, 0);
+			}
+
+			particle.posAndRotation[3] = rot;
+			particleLocal.velAndRotationVel[3] = rotVel;
+
+			const positionf64 = @as(Vec4d, @floatCast(particle.posAndRotation)) + Vec4d{playerPos[0], playerPos[1], playerPos[2], 0};
+			const intPos: vec.Vec4i = @intFromFloat(@floor(positionf64));
+			const light: [6]u8 = main.renderer.mesh_storage.getLight(intPos[0], intPos[1], intPos[2]) orelse @splat(0);
+			const compressedLight =
+				@as(u32, light[0] >> 3) << 25 |
+				@as(u32, light[1] >> 3) << 20 |
+				@as(u32, light[2] >> 3) << 15 |
+				@as(u32, light[3] >> 3) << 10 |
+				@as(u32, light[4] >> 3) << 5 |
+				@as(u32, light[5] >> 3);
+			particle.light = compressedLight;
+
+			i += 1;
+		}
+		previousPlayerPos = playerPos;
+	}
+
+	fn addParticle(typ: u32, pos: Vec3d, vel: Vec3f, collides: bool) void {
+		const lifeTime = properties.lifeTimeMin + random.nextFloat(&seed)*properties.lifeTimeMax;
+		const rot = if(properties.randomizeRotationOnSpawn) random.nextFloat(&seed)*std.math.pi*2 else 0;
+
+		particles[particleCount] = Particle{
+			.posAndRotation = vec.combine(@as(Vec3f, @floatCast(pos - previousPlayerPos)), rot),
+			.typ = typ,
+		};
+		particlesLocal[particleCount] = ParticleLocal{
+			.velAndRotationVel = vec.combine(vel, properties.rotVelMin + random.nextFloatSigned(&seed)*properties.rotVelMax),
+			.lifeVelocity = 1/lifeTime,
+			.collides = collides,
+		};
+		particleCount += 1;
+	}
+
+	pub fn render(projectionMatrix: Mat4f, viewMatrix: Mat4f, ambientLight: Vec3f) void {
+		particlesSSBO.bufferSubData(Particle, &particles, particleCount);
+
+		pipeline.bind(null);
+
+		const projectionAndViewMatrix = Mat4f.mul(projectionMatrix, viewMatrix);
+		c.glUniformMatrix4fv(uniforms.projectionAndViewMatrix, 1, c.GL_TRUE, @ptrCast(&projectionAndViewMatrix));
+		c.glUniform3fv(uniforms.ambientLight, 1, @ptrCast(&ambientLight));
+
+		const billboardMatrix = Mat4f.rotationZ(-game.camera.rotation[2] + std.math.pi*0.5)
+			.mul(Mat4f.rotationY(game.camera.rotation[0] - std.math.pi*0.5));
+		c.glUniformMatrix4fv(uniforms.billboardMatrix, 1, c.GL_TRUE, @ptrCast(&billboardMatrix));
+
+		c.glActiveTexture(c.GL_TEXTURE0);
+		ParticleManager.textureArray.bind();
+		c.glActiveTexture(c.GL_TEXTURE1);
+		ParticleManager.emissionTextureArray.bind();
+
+		c.glBindVertexArray(chunk_meshing.vao);
+
+		for(0..std.math.divCeil(u32, particleCount, chunk_meshing.maxQuadsInIndexBuffer) catch unreachable) |_| {
+			c.glDrawElements(c.GL_TRIANGLES, @intCast(particleCount*6), c.GL_UNSIGNED_INT, null);
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn getParticleCount() u32 {
+		return particleCount;
+	}
+};
+
+pub const EmitterProperties = struct {
+	gravity: Vec3f = @splat(0),
+	drag: f32 = 0,
+	velMin: f32 = 0,
+	velMax: f32 = 0,
+	rotVelMin: f32 = 0,
+	rotVelMax: f32 = 0,
+	lifeTimeMin: f32 = 0,
+	lifeTimeMax: f32 = 0,
+	randomizeRotationOnSpawn: bool = false,
+};
+
+pub const DirectionMode = union(enum(u8)) {
+	// The particle goes in the direction away from the center
+	spread: void,
+	// The particle goes in a random direction
+	scatter: void,
+	// The particle goes in the specified direction
+	direction: Vec3f,
+};
+
+pub const Emitter = struct {
+	typ: u16 = 0,
+	collides: bool,
+
+	pub const SpawnPoint = struct {
+		mode: DirectionMode,
+		position: Vec3d,
+
+		pub fn spawn(self: SpawnPoint) struct {Vec3d, Vec3f} {
+			const particlePos = self.position;
+			const speed: Vec3f = @splat(ParticleSystem.properties.velMin + random.nextFloat(&seed)*ParticleSystem.properties.velMax);
+			const dir: Vec3f = switch(self.mode) {
+				.direction => |dir| dir,
+				.scatter, .spread => vec.normalize(random.nextFloatVectorSigned(3, &seed)),
+			};
+			const particleVel = dir*speed;
+
+			return .{particlePos, particleVel};
+		}
+	};
+
+	pub const SpawnSphere = struct {
+		radius: f32,
+		mode: DirectionMode,
+		position: Vec3d,
+
+		pub fn spawn(self: SpawnSphere) struct {Vec3d, Vec3f} {
+			const spawnPos: Vec3f = @splat(self.radius);
+			var offsetPos: Vec3f = undefined;
+			while(true) {
+				offsetPos = random.nextFloatVectorSigned(3, &seed);
+				if(vec.lengthSquare(offsetPos) <= 1) break;
+			}
+			const particlePos = self.position + @as(Vec3d, @floatCast(offsetPos*spawnPos));
+			const speed: Vec3f = @splat(ParticleSystem.properties.velMin + random.nextFloat(&seed)*ParticleSystem.properties.velMax);
+			const dir: Vec3f = switch(self.mode) {
+				.direction => |dir| dir,
+				.scatter => vec.normalize(random.nextFloatVectorSigned(3, &seed)),
+				.spread => @floatCast(offsetPos),
+			};
+			const particleVel = dir*speed;
+
+			return .{particlePos, particleVel};
+		}
+	};
+
+	pub const SpawnCube = struct {
+		size: Vec3f,
+		mode: DirectionMode,
+		position: Vec3d,
+
+		pub fn spawn(self: SpawnCube) struct {Vec3d, Vec3f} {
+			const spawnPos: Vec3f = self.size;
+			const offsetPos: Vec3f = random.nextFloatVectorSigned(3, &seed);
+			const particlePos = self.position + @as(Vec3d, @floatCast(offsetPos*spawnPos));
+			const speed: Vec3f = @splat(ParticleSystem.properties.velMin + random.nextFloat(&seed)*ParticleSystem.properties.velMax);
+			const dir: Vec3f = switch(self.mode) {
+				.direction => |dir| dir,
+				.scatter => vec.normalize(random.nextFloatVectorSigned(3, &seed)),
+				.spread => vec.normalize(@as(Vec3f, @floatCast(offsetPos))),
+			};
+			const particleVel = dir*speed;
+
+			return .{particlePos, particleVel};
+		}
+	};
+
+	pub fn init(id: []const u8, collides: bool) Emitter {
+		const emitter = Emitter{
+			.typ = ParticleManager.particleTypeHashmap.get(id) orelse 0,
+			.collides = collides,
+		};
+
+		return emitter;
+	}
+
+	pub fn spawnParticles(self: Emitter, spawnCount: u32, comptime T: type, spawnRules: T) void {
+		const count = @min(spawnCount, ParticleSystem.maxCapacity - ParticleSystem.particleCount);
+		for(0..count) |_| {
+			const particlePos, const particleVel = spawnRules.spawn();
+
+			ParticleSystem.addParticle(self.typ, particlePos, particleVel, self.collides);
+		}
+	}
+};
+
+pub const ParticleType = struct {
+	frameCount: f32,
+	startFrame: f32,
+	size: f32,
+};
+
+pub const Particle = struct {
+	posAndRotation: Vec4f,
+	lifeRatio: f32 = 1,
+	light: u32 = 0,
+	typ: u32,
+	// 4 bytes left for use
+};
+
+pub const ParticleLocal = struct {
+	velAndRotationVel: Vec4f,
+	lifeVelocity: f32,
+	collides: bool,
+};

src/renderer.zig

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ const blocks = @import("blocks.zig");
 const chunk = @import("chunk.zig");
 const entity = @import("entity.zig");
 const graphics = @import("graphics.zig");
+const particles = @import("particles.zig");
 const c = graphics.c;
 const game = @import("game.zig");
 const World = game.World;
@@ -240,6 +241,16 @@ pub fn renderWorld(world: *World, ambientLight: Vec3f, skyColor: Vec3f, playerPo
 	itemdrop.ItemDropRenderer.renderItemDrops(game.projectionMatrix, ambientLight, playerPos);
 	gpu_performance_measuring.stopQuery();
 
+	gpu_performance_measuring.startQuery(.particle_rendering);
+	particles.ParticleSystem.render(game.projectionMatrix, game.camera.viewMatrix, ambientLight);
+	gpu_performance_measuring.stopQuery();
+
+	// Rebind block textures back to their original slots
+	c.glActiveTexture(c.GL_TEXTURE0);
+	blocks.meshes.blockTextureArray.bind();
+	c.glActiveTexture(c.GL_TEXTURE1);
+	blocks.meshes.emissionTextureArray.bind();
+
 	MeshSelection.render(game.projectionMatrix, game.camera.viewMatrix, playerPos);
 
 	// Render transparent chunk meshes:

src/renderer/chunk_meshing.zig

@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ pub var commandBuffer: graphics.LargeBuffer(IndirectData) = undefined;
 pub var chunkIDBuffer: graphics.LargeBuffer(u32) = undefined;
 pub var quadsDrawn: usize = 0;
 pub var transparentQuadsDrawn: usize = 0;
+pub const maxQuadsInIndexBuffer = 3 << (3*chunk.chunkShift); // maximum 3 faces/block
 
 pub fn init() void {
 	lighting.init();
@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ pub fn init() void {
 		}}},
 	);
 
-	var rawData: [6*3 << (3*chunk.chunkShift)]u32 = undefined; // 6 vertices per face, maximum 3 faces/block
+	var rawData: [6*maxQuadsInIndexBuffer]u32 = undefined;
 	const lut = [_]u32{0, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3};
 	for(0..rawData.len) |i| {
 		rawData[i] = @as(u32, @intCast(i))/6*4 + lut[i%6];