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#45 [pl] omówienie form po angielsku
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Andrea Vos
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@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ name pronouns description
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Normative forms he,she It's worth mentioning that pronouns ≠ gender. One can still be nonbinary while using pronouns that are congruent with (or opposite to) their gender assigned at birth.
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Normative-ish forms they,it,one Those pronouns have been in common use in normative English already, but recently they got a slightly different new usage: describing a single, specific person.
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Neopronouns e Unlike the other pronouns, which are officially recognised as “grammatically correct”, albeit used in a different meaning than we're used to, neopronouns are novel. Not being included in dictionaries doesn't make them any worse, though!
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Interchangeable forms he&she,he&they,she&they Many nonbinary people use more than one form interchangably and are fine with being called either of them.
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Interchangeable forms he&she,he&they,she&they Many nonbinary people use more than one form interchangeably and are fine with being called either of them.
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@ -153,39 +153,97 @@ people:
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route: 'znane'
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english:
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enabled: false
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enabled: true
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route: 'english'
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pronounGroups:
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-
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name: 'Normative forms'
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description:
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- 'Wiele osób niebinarnych, ze względu na ograniczenia polszczyzny lub zwyczajnie dlatego, że tak im bardziej pasuje, decyduje się zwyczajnie używać form „on” lub „ona” – czy to zgodnie z ich płcią przypisaną przy urodzeniu, czy przeciwnie. Nie ujmuje to im niebinarności! Zaimki ≠ płeć.'
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- >
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Because of the limitations of Polish grammar, or simply because they just prefer it that way,
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many nonbinary people decides to simply use “he” ({/on=„on”}) or “she” ({/ona=„ona”})
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– either the same as their gender assigned at birth or the opposite.
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That doesn't make them any less nonbinary! Pronouns ≠ gender.
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table: {on: 'Masculine', ona: 'Feminine'}
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-
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name: 'Neutrative forms'
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description:
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- 'Ze względu na użycie już istniejącego w polszczyźnie rodzaju nijakiego jest to jedna z najczęściej używanych oraz łatwych do zrozumienia opcji. Formy takie jak „zrobiłom” czy „poszłoś”, choć poprawne gramatycznie, dopiero od niedawna są szerzej używane, i dla wielu brzmią dehumanizująco (póki nie zostaną znormalizowane). W odmianie wiele form nijakich jest tożsamych z męskimi, dlatego niektóre osoby wolą używać zmodyfikowanych wariantów wykorzystujących inne zaimki przy zachowaniu nijakiej koniugacji czasowników.'
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- >
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Polish has three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.
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Why don't enbies simply use neuter then?
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- >
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The thing is, historically this grammatical gender has only been applied
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to inanimate objects, pets and kids (in a very limited way).
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To apply it for adults sounds dehumanizing for most {https://avris.it/blog/queers-typics=typic} listeners
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and using the neuter forms of verbs in the 1st and 2nd person
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is so rare that {https://avris.it/blog/queers-typics=typic} listeners (falsely) think that it's incorrect.
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Eg. one could say „dziecko zrobił<strong>o</strong>” (=“the kid has done”),
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but the kid themselves would use the forms corresponding to their assigned gender:
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„zrobił<strong>em</strong>”/„zrobił<strong>am</strong>” (=“I have done”),
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but not „zrobił<strong>om</strong>”.
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- >
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In a way, a parallel could be drawn between the Polish neuter forms and the English “it” pronoun.
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To call someone an “it” is offensive
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– unless it itself wants us to use “it/its” {https://twitter.com/search?q=it%2Fits&f=user=(and many do)}.
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The main difference is that English has singular “they”,
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while Polish doesn't yet have any normative form that would fit better.
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That's why English “it” is niche,
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while Polish neuter is one of the most popular choices among nonbinary,
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in hopes of normalising the new usage.
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- >
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There's one more issue with neuter, though: it is neutral in nominative (the “who?”),
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but in other cases (the “whose?”, “whom?”, etc.) if falls back to being identical to masculine forms.
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That's why some enbies mix up multiple forms, for instance using neuter verbs, yet feminine pronouns, etc.
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table: {ono: 'Neutrative', ono/jej: 'Neutrative with female declension'}
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-
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name: 'Dukaisms'
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description:
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- 'Neologiczne formy stworzone oryginalnie dla powieści fantastycznych. Choć system dukaizmów jest spójny i analogiczny do form normatywnych, to dla nieznaznajomionych brzmi obco. Jest to jedna z najczęściej wybieranych opcji. Niektóre osoby używają też zmodyfikowanych wariantów wykorzystujących inne zaimki w części przypadków przy zachowaniu dukajowskiej koniugacji czasowników.'
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- 'Formy te zostały stworzone przez {https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Dukaj=Jacka Dukaja} do książki {https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfekcyjna_niedoskonałość=„Perfekcyjna niedoskonałość”}. Używają jej tam istoty post-ludzkie (phoebe), które nie mają określonej płci. Od nazwiska autora te formy gramatyczne są nazywane „dukaizmami”.'
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- >
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Those forms are neologisms, originally created for a science fiction novel
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{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Imperfection=Perfect Imperfection}
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by {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Dukaj=Jacek Dukaj} (hence their name).
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It's a brand new grammatical gender used by post-human beings (phoebe) that don't have a specified gender.
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- >
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It's a consistent and relatively complete system, but for people who hear it for the first time,
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it might sound alien and “incorrect”.
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It's one of the most popular choices among nonbinary folks.
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table: {onu: ''}
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-
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name: 'Plural forms'
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description:
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- 'Normatywne formy mnogie mogą być używane do opisu pojedyńczej osoby, w tym jako dosłowne tłumaczenie angielskiego „they/them”. Są poprawne i bez tworzenia neogramatyki, a ich zamysł jest łatwy do zrozumienia dla osób znających angielski odpowiednik, aczkolwiek dla wielu jest to dezorientujące. Używanie ich wciąż wymaga wyboru między zgenderyzowanymi wersjami („oni” lub „one”). Nienormatywne formy mnogie mogą służyć nie tylko do opisu pojedyńczych osób, ale również grup mieszanych lub o nieznanej płci.'
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- >
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Using plural forms to describe a single person is basically a loan translation
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of the English {https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/singular-nonbinary-they=“singular they”},
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but it does have roots in Polish {https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_wy=historical and regional honorifics} as well.
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Keep in mind, though, that Polish speakers aren't yet too used to the idea of referring to one person in plural forms,
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so it might lead to misunderstandings.
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- >
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The bad news is that there's two grammatical genders in plural:
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„{/oni=oni}” for male and mixed-gender groups, and „{/one=one}” for female groups
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(to oversimplify a lot).
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Still, whichever forms is chosen by a person, the plurality itself already points to them being nonbinary.
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table: {oni: 'Male & mixed plurals', one: 'Female plurals'}
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-
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name: 'Placeholder forms'
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description:
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- 'Formy te używają placeholderów / znaków zastępujących w miejscu różnic między wersją męską a żeńską. Są przydatne w piśmie, ale ciężkie lub niemożliwe do wymówienia. Intencja jest łatwa do zrozumienia. Często są też używane w zwrotach do grupy osób lub osoby o nieznanej płci.'
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- >
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Another approach is to take the part of the word that differs between the male and female form,
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and to either replace it with a placeholder, or use the placeholder to merge those parts together.
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For instance “dear readers” can be translated as „drodzy_gie czytelnicy_czki”,
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„drodzy/gie czytelnicy/czki”, „drog* czytelnic*”, etc.
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- >
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The main usage of such forms is to address a group of people or an unspecified person
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(“dear reader”), however there are nonbinary people who use similar approach in the first person too.
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It's very easy to understand the intent behind using those forms,
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even to listeners unfamiliar with the concept of nonbinary.
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The main disadvantage is that in most cases they are only usable in writing,
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while being hard or impossible to pronounce.
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table: {onæ: '', on/a: '', onx: '', on_: '', on*: '', onø: ''}
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-
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name: 'Interchangeable forms'
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description:
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- 'Wiele osób niebinarnych używa zamiennie więcej niż jednej formy (np. męskich i żeńskich albo żeńskich i nijakich) i można się do nich zwracać w dowolnej z nich.'
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- >
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Many nonbinary people use more than one form interchangeably and are fine with being called either of them.
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contact:
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@ -18,19 +18,19 @@
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<small>{{description}}</small>
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</nuxt-link>
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</th>
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural">
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural[0]">
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Dosta<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.verb_end_inter}}śmy</strong>
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</td>
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<td v-else>
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Dostał<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.verb_middle_inter}}m</strong>
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</td>
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural">
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural[0]">
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Gra<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.verb_end_inter}}ście</strong>
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</td>
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<td v-else>
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Grał<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.verb_middle_inter}}ś</strong>
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</td>
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural">
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<td v-if="pronouns[pronoun].plural[0]">
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Powiedzieli <strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.pronoun_d}}</strong>,
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że [<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.pronoun_n}}</strong>]
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są ładn<strong>{{pronouns[pronoun].morphemes.adjective_n}}</strong>
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@ -661,12 +661,12 @@ english:
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because we cannot simply switch one set of pronouns for another to express our identity.
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We need to come up with a system that also includes
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neutral forms for adjectives, conjugated forms of verbs and declined forms of pronouns.
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(also: nouns like “painter”, “politician”, “journalist” etc. are also gendered,
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(also: nouns like “painter”, “politician”, “journalist” etc. are gendered as well,
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but that's [atom-alt] {/rzeczowniki=a story for another time}).
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- >
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This website is an effort to put together in a structured and accessible way
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the existing ideas for less gendered pronouns and other forms.
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The website is in Polish (see: [home] {/=Homepage}),
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We create it in Polish (see: [home] {/=Homepage}),
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but if you don't speak it, yet still are interested in
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how this language tries to cope with the omnipresent binaries,
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we've prepared a short overview of those ideas in English.
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@ -11,17 +11,15 @@
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<Separator icon="list"/>
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<ul class="list-group mt-5">
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<li v-for="pronounGroup in config.english.pronounGroups" class="list-group-item">
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<h3 class="h4">
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{{pronounGroup.name}}
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</h3>
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<p v-for="p in pronounGroup.description">
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<LinkedText :text="p"/>
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</p>
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<EnglishTable v-if="pronounGroup.table" :t="pronounGroup.table"/>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<section v-for="pronounGroup in config.english.pronounGroups">
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<h3 class="h4">
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{{pronounGroup.name}}
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</h3>
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<p v-for="p in pronounGroup.description">
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<LinkedText :text="p"/>
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</p>
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<EnglishTable v-if="pronounGroup.table" :t="pronounGroup.table"/>
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</section>
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</div>
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</template>
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@ -24,9 +24,9 @@
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<T>people.languages.{{locale}}</T>:
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<ul class="list-inline d-inline">
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<li v-for="pronoun in pronouns" class="list-inline-item">
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<a :href="`${locales[locale].url}/${pronoun.link}`" target="_blank" rel="noopener">
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<LocaleLink :link="'/' + pronoun.link" :locale="locale">
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<strong>{{pronoun.display}}</strong>
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</a>
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</LocaleLink>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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