feat(lib): use new challenge creation flow (#749)

* feat(decaymap): add Delete method Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(lib/challenge): refactor Validate to take ValidateInput Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * feat(lib): implement store interface Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * feat(lib/store): all metapackage to import all store implementations Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(policy): import all store backends Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * feat(lib): use new challenge creation flow Previously Anubis constructed challenge strings from request metadata. This was a good idea in spirit, but has turned out to be a very bad idea in practice. This new flow reuses the Store facility to dynamically create challenge values with completely random data. This is a fairly big rewrite of how Anubis processes challenges. Right now it defaults to using the in-memory storage backend, but on-disk (boltdb) and valkey-based adaptors will come soon. Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(decaymap): fix documentation typo Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(lib): fix SA4004 Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * test(lib/store): make generic storage interface test adaptor Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore: spelling Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * fix(decaymap): invert locking process for Delete Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * feat(lib/store): add bbolt store implementation Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore: spelling Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore: go mod tidy Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(devcontainer): adapt to docker compose, add valkey service Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * fix(lib): make challenges live for 30 minutes by default Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * feat(lib/store): implement valkey backend Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * test(lib/store/valkey): disable tests if not using docker Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * test(lib/policy/config): ensure valkey stores can be loaded Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * Update metadata check-spelling run (pull_request) for Xe/store-interface Signed-off-by: check-spelling-bot <check-spelling-bot@users.noreply.github.com> on-behalf-of: @check-spelling <check-spelling-bot@check-spelling.dev> * chore(devcontainer): remove port forwards because vs code handles that for you Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * docs(default-config): add a nudge to the storage backends section of the docs Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore(docs): listen on 0.0.0.0 for dev container support Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * docs(policy): document storage backends Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * docs: update CHANGELOG and internal links Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * docs(admin/policies): don't start a sentence with as Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> * chore: fixes found in review Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> --------- Signed-off-by: Xe Iaso <me@xeiaso.net> Signed-off-by: check-spelling-bot <check-spelling-bot@users.noreply.github.com>
2025-08-02 17:28:27 -04:00 · 2025-07-04 20:42:28 +00:00 · 2025-07-04 20:42:28 +00:00 · dff2176beb
commit dff2176beb
parent 506d8817d5
43 changed files with 1539 additions and 140 deletions
--- a/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
+++ b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ COPY go.mod go.sum package.json package-lock.json ./
 RUN go install github.com/a-h/templ/cmd/templ \
  && npx --yes playwright@1.52.0 install --with-deps\
  && apt-get update \
-  && apt-get -y install zstd brotli \
+  && apt-get -y install zstd brotli redis \
  && mkdir -p /home/vscode/.local/share/fish \
  && chown -R vscode:vscode /home/vscode/.local/share/fish \
-  && chown -R vscode:vscode /go
+  && chown -R vscode:vscode /go
+
+CMD ["/usr/bin/sleep", "infinity"]
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@ -3,13 +3,16 @@
 {
  "name": "Dev",
  // Or use a Dockerfile or Docker Compose file. More info: https://containers.dev/guide/dockerfile
-  "build": {
-    "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile",
-    "context": "..",
-    "cacheFrom": [
-      "type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/techarohq/anubis/devcontainer"
-    ]
-  },
+  // "build": {
+  //   "dockerfile": "./Dockerfile",
+  //   "context": "..",
+  //   "cacheFrom": [
+  //     "type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/techarohq/anubis/devcontainer"
+  //   ]
+  // },
+  "dockerComposeFile": ["./docker-compose.yaml"],
+  "service": "workspace",
+  "workspaceFolder": "/workspace/anubis",
  "postStartCommand": "npm ci && go mod download",
  "features": {
    "ghcr.io/xe/devcontainer-features/ko:1.1.0": {}
@ -26,9 +29,5 @@
        "redhat.vscode-yaml"
      ]
    }
-  },
-  "forwardPorts": [
-    8923,
-    3000
-  ]
-}
+  }
+}
--- a/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yaml
+++ b/.devcontainer/docker-compose.yaml
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+services:
+  valkey:
+    image: valkey/valkey:8
+    pull_policy: always
+
+  # VS Code workspace service
+  workspace:
+    image: ghcr.io/techarohq/anubis/devcontainer
+    build:
+      context: ..
+      dockerfile: .devcontainer/Dockerfile
+      cache_from:
+        - "type=registry,ref=ghcr.io/techarohq/anubis/devcontainer"
+    volumes:
+      - ../:/workspace/anubis:cached
+    environment:
+      VALKEY_URL: redis://valkey:6379/0
+    #entrypoint: ["/usr/bin/sleep", "infinity"]
+    user: vscode
--- a/.github/actions/spelling/expect.txt
+++ b/.github/actions/spelling/expect.txt
@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ aspirational
 atuin
 azuretools
 badregexes
+bbolt
 bdba
 berr
 bingbot
@ -46,11 +47,13 @@ cgr
 chainguard
 chall
 challengemozilla
+challengetest
 checkpath
 checkresult
 chibi
 cidranger
 ckie
+ckies
 cloudflare
 Codespaces
 confd
@ -232,6 +235,7 @@ qwantbot
 rac
 rawler
 rcvar
+rdb
 redhat
 redir
 redirectscheme
@ -270,6 +274,7 @@ srv
 stackoverflow
 startprecmd
 stoppostcmd
+storetest
 subgrid
 subr
 subrequest
@ -284,6 +289,7 @@ techarohq
 templ
 templruntime
 testarea
+testdb
 Thancred
 thoth
 thothmock
@ -291,6 +297,8 @@ Tik
 Timpibot
 traefik
 uberspace
+Unbreak
+unbreakdocker
 unifiedjs
 unixhttpd
 unmarshal
@ -298,7 +306,7 @@ unparseable
 uuidgen
 uvx
 UXP
-Valkey
+valkey
 Varis
 Velen
 vendored
--- a/data/botPolicies.yaml
+++ b/data/botPolicies.yaml
@ -145,6 +145,14 @@ status_codes:
  CHALLENGE: 200
  DENY: 200

+# Anubis can store temporary data in one of a few backends. See the storage
+# backends section of the docs for more information:
+#
+# https://anubis.techaro.lol/docs/admin/policies#storage-backends
+store:
+  backend: memory
+  parameters: {}
+
 # The weight thresholds for when to trigger individual challenges. Any
 # CHALLENGE will take precedence over this.
 #
--- a/decaymap/decaymap.go
+++ b/decaymap/decaymap.go
@ -48,6 +48,26 @@ func (m *Impl[K, V]) expire(key K) bool {
 	return true
 }

+// Delete a value from the DecayMap by key.
+//
+// If the value does not exist, return false. Return true after
+// deletion.
+func (m *Impl[K, V]) Delete(key K) bool {
+	m.lock.RLock()
+	_, ok := m.data[key]
+	m.lock.RUnlock()
+
+	if !ok {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	m.lock.Lock()
+	delete(m.data, key)
+	m.lock.Unlock()
+
+	return true
+}
+
 // Get gets a value from the DecayMap by key.
 //
 // If a value has expired, forcibly delete it if it was not updated.
--- a/docs/docs/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/docs/docs/CHANGELOG.md
@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Add option for custom cookie prefix ([#732](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/pull/732))
 - Add translation for German language ([#741](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/pull/741))
 - Remove the "Success" interstitial after a proof of work challenge is concluded.
+- Anubis now has the concept of [storage backends](./admin/policies.mdx#storage-backends). These allow you to change how Anubis stores temporary data (in memory, on the disk, or in Valkey). If you run Anubis in an environment where you have a low amount of memory available for Anubis (eg: less than 64 megabytes), be sure to configure the [`bbolt`](./admin/policies.mdx#bbolt) storage backend.
+- The challenge issuance and validation process has been rewritten from scratch. Instead of generating challenge strings from request metadata (under the assumption that the values being compared against are stable), Anubis now generates random data for each challenge. This data is stored in the active [storage backend](./admin/policies.mdx#storage-backends) for up to 30 minutes. Fixes [#564](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/issues/564), [#746](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/issues/746), and other similar instances of this issue.
 - Add option for forcing a specific language ([#742](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/pull/742))
 - Add translation for Turkish language ([#751](https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/pull/751))
 - Allow [Common Crawl](https://commoncrawl.org/) by default so scrapers have less incentive to scrape
--- a/docs/docs/admin/policies.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/admin/policies.mdx
@ -237,6 +237,115 @@ remote_addresses:

 Anubis has support for showing imprint / impressum information. This is defined in the `impressum` block of your configuration. See [Imprint / Impressum configuration](./configuration/impressum.mdx) for more information.

+## Storage backends
+
+Anubis needs to store temporary data in order to determine if a user is legitimate or not. Administrators should choose a storage backend based on their infrastructure needs. Each backend has its own advantages and disadvantages.
+
+Anubis offers the following storage backends:
+
+- [`memory`](#memory) -- A simple in-memory hashmap
+- [`bbolt`](#bbolt) -- An on-disk key/value store backed by [bbolt](https://github.com/etcd-io/bbolt), an embedded key/value database for Go programs
+- [`valkey`](#valkey) -- A remote in-memory key/value database backed by [Valkey](https://valkey.io/) (or another database compatible with the [RESP](https://redis.io/docs/latest/develop/reference/protocol-spec/) protocol)
+
+If no storage backend is set in the policy file, Anubis will use the [`memory`](#memory) backend by default. This is equivalent to the following in the policy file:
+
+```yaml
+store:
+  backend: memory
+  parameters: {}
+```
+
+### `memory`
+
+The memory backend is an in-memory cache. This backend works best if you don't use multiple instances of Anubis or don't have mutable storage in the environment you're running Anubis in.
+
+| Should I use this backend?                                    | Yes/no |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------ | :----- |
+| Are you running only one instance of Anubis for this service? | ✅ Yes |
+| Does your service get a lot of traffic?                       | 🚫 No  |
+| Do you want to store data persistently when Anubis restarts?  | 🚫 No  |
+| Do you run Anubis without mutable filesystem storage?         | ✅ Yes |
+
+The biggest downside is that there is not currently a limit to how much data can be stored in memory. This will be addressed at a later time.
+
+#### Configuration
+
+The memory backend does not require any configuration to use.
+
+### `bbolt`
+
+An on-disk storage layer powered by [bbolt](https://github.com/etcd-io/bbolt), a high performance embedded key/value database used by containerd, etcd, Kubernetes, and NATS. This backend works best if you're running Anubis on a single host and get a lot of traffic.
+
+| Should I use this backend?                                    | Yes/no |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------ | :----- |
+| Are you running only one instance of Anubis for this service? | ✅ Yes |
+| Does your service get a lot of traffic?                       | ✅ Yes |
+| Do you want to store data persistently when Anubis restarts?  | ✅ Yes |
+| Do you run Anubis without mutable filesystem storage?         | 🚫 No  |
+
+When Anubis opens a bbolt database, it takes an exclusive lock on that database. Other instances of Anubis or other tools cannot view the bbolt database while it is locked by another instance of Anubis. If you run multiple instances of Anubis for different services, give each its own `bbolt` configuration.
+
+#### Configuration
+
+The `bbolt` backend takes the following configuration options:
+
+| Name     | Type   | Example            | Description                                                                                                                       |
+| :------- | :----- | :----------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `bucket` | string | `anubis`           | The bbolt bucket that Anubis should place all its data into. If this is not set, then Anubis will default to the bucket `anubis`. |
+| `path`   | path   | `/data/anubis.bdb` | The filesystem path for the Anubis bbolt database. Anubis requires write access to the folder containing the bbolt database.      |
+
+Example:
+
+If you have persistent storage mounted to `/data`, then your store configuration could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+store:
+  backend: bbolt
+  parameters:
+    path: /data/anubis.bdb
+```
+
+### `valkey`
+
+[Valkey](https://valkey.io/) is an in-memory key/value store that clients access over the network. This allows multiple instances of Anubis to share information and does not require each instance of Anubis to have persistent filesystem storage.
+
+:::note
+
+You can also use [Redis](http://redis.io/) with Anubis.
+
+:::
+
+This backend is ideal if you are running multiple instances of Anubis in a worker pool (eg: Kubernetes Deployments with a copy of Anubis in each Pod).
+
+| Should I use this backend?                                    | Yes/no |
+| :------------------------------------------------------------ | :----- |
+| Are you running only one instance of Anubis for this service? | 🚫 No  |
+| Does your service get a lot of traffic?                       | ✅ Yes |
+| Do you want to store data persistently when Anubis restarts?  | ✅ Yes |
+| Do you run Anubis without mutable filesystem storage?         | ✅ Yes |
+| Do you have Redis or Valkey installed?                        | ✅ Yes |
+
+#### Configuration
+
+The `valkey` backend takes the following configuration options:
+
+| Name  | Type   | Example                 | Description                                                                                                                                      |
+| :---- | :----- | :---------------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `url` | string | `redis://valkey:6379/0` | The URL for the instance of Redis or Valkey that Anubis should store data in. This is in the same format as `REDIS_URL` in many cloud providers. |
+
+Example:
+
+If you have an instance of Valkey running with the hostname `valkey.int.techaro.lol`, then your store configuration could look like this:
+
+```yaml
+store:
+  backend: valkey
+  parameters:
+    url: "redis://valkey.int.techaro.lol:6379/0"
+```
+
+This would have the Valkey client connect to host `valkey.int.techaro.lol` on port `6379` with database `0` (the default database).
+
 ## Risk calculation for downstream services

 In case your service needs it for risk calculation reasons, Anubis exposes information about the rules that any requests match using a few headers:
--- a/docs/docs/design/why-proof-of-work.mdx
+++ b/docs/docs/design/why-proof-of-work.mdx
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 title: Why does Anubis use Proof-of-Work?
 ---

-Anubis uses a [proof of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work) in order to validate that clients are genuine. The reason Anubis does this was inspired by [Hashcash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash), a suggestion from the early 2000's about extending the email protocol to avoid spam. The idea is that genuine people sending emails will have to do a small math problem that is expensive to compute, but easy to verify such as hashing a string with a given number of leading zeroes. This will have basically no impact on individuals sending a few emails a week, but the company churning out industrial quantities of advertising will be required to do prohibitively expensive computation. This is also how Bitcoin's consensus algorithm works.
+Anubis uses [proof of work](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work) in order to validate that clients are genuine. The reason Anubis does this was inspired by [Hashcash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashcash), a suggestion from the early 2000's about extending the email protocol to avoid spam. The idea is that genuine people sending emails will have to do a small math problem that is expensive to compute, but easy to verify such as hashing a string with a given number of leading zeroes. This will have basically no impact on individuals sending a few emails a week, but the company churning out industrial quantities of advertising will be required to do prohibitively expensive computation. This is also how Bitcoin's consensus algorithm works.

 ## How Anubis' proof of work scheme works

@ -21,16 +21,3 @@ const hash = await sha256(`${challenge}${nonce}`);
 In order to pass a challenge, the `hash` has to have the right number of leading zeros (the "difficulty"). When a client requests to pass the challenge, they include the nonce they used. The server then only has to do one sha256 operation: the one that confirms that the challenge (generated from request metadata) and the nonce (provided by the client) match the difficulty number of leading zeroes.

 Ultimately, this is a hack whose real purpose is to give a "good enough" placeholder solution so that more time can be spent on fingerprinting and identifying headless browsers (EG via how they do font rendering) so that the challenge proof of work page doesn't need to be presented to known legitimate users.
-
-## Challenge format
-
-Anubis generates challenges based on browser metadata, including but not limited to the following:
-
- The contents of your [`Accept-Language` header](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Accept-Language)
- The IP address of your client
- Your browser's [`User-Agent` string](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/User-Agent)
- The date of the current week, rooted on Sundays
- Anubis' ed25519 public signing key for [JSON web tokens](https://jwt.io/) (JWTs)
- The challenge difficulty
-
-This is intended to be a random value that is difficult for attackers to forge and guess, but also deterministic enough that it will naturally reset itself.
--- a/docs/package.json
+++ b/docs/package.json
@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  "private": true,
  "scripts": {
    "docusaurus": "docusaurus",
-    "start": "docusaurus start",
+    "start": "docusaurus start --host 0.0.0.0",
    "build": "docusaurus build",
    "swizzle": "docusaurus swizzle",
    "deploy": "echo 'use CI' && exit 1",
@ -45,4 +45,4 @@
  "engines": {
    "node": ">=18.0"
  }
-}
+}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@ -10,13 +10,16 @@ require (
 	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4
 	github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2
 	github.com/google/cel-go v0.25.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/providers/prometheus v1.1.0
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware/v2 v2.3.2
 	github.com/joho/godotenv v1.5.1
 	github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n/v2 v2.6.0
 	github.com/playwright-community/playwright-go v0.5200.0
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.11.0
 	github.com/sebest/xff v0.0.0-20210106013422-671bd2870b3a
+	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.2
 	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0
 	golang.org/x/text v0.26.0
 	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
@ -31,6 +34,7 @@ require (
 	cel.dev/expr v0.23.1 // indirect
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/AlekSi/pointer v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 // indirect
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.1 // indirect
@ -49,31 +53,45 @@ require (
 	github.com/cli/browser v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cli/go-gh v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 // indirect
 	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker v28.0.1+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20250309171923-bcd7cc6bf64c // indirect
+	github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.2 // indirect
 	github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/facebookgo/ensure v0.0.0-20160127193407-b4ab57deab51 // indirect
 	github.com/facebookgo/stack v0.0.0-20160209184415-751773369052 // indirect
 	github.com/facebookgo/subset v0.0.0-20150612182917-8dac2c3c4870 // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/color v1.17.0 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-git/gcfg v1.5.1-0.20230307220236-3a3c6141e376 // indirect
 	github.com/go-git/go-billy/v5 v5.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6 // indirect
 	github.com/go-sourcemap/sourcemap v2.1.3+incompatible // indirect
 	github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gobwas/glob v0.2.3 // indirect
 	github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-github/v70 v70.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-querystring v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20230207041349-798e818bf904 // indirect
 	github.com/google/rpmpack v0.6.1-0.20250405124433-758cc6896cbc // indirect
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/goreleaser/chglog v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/goreleaser/fileglob v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/goreleaser/nfpm/v2 v2.42.1 // indirect
@ -83,33 +101,57 @@ require (
 	github.com/kevinburke/ssh_config v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 // indirect
+	github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 // indirect
+	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-colorable v0.1.14 // indirect
 	github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.20 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/userns v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/term v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/morikuni/aec v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/natefinch/atomic v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pjbgf/sha1cd v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20210106213030-5aafc221ea8c // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
 	github.com/russross/blackfriday/v2 v2.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.3.2-0.20230802210424-5b0b94c5c0d3 // indirect
+	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v4 v4.25.1 // indirect
 	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/skeema/knownhosts v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/afero v1.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.1 // indirect
 	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 // indirect
 	github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/logrus-error v0.1.4 // indirect
 	github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/pinact v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/urfave-cli-help-all v0.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go v0.37.0 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/go-sysconf v0.3.12 // indirect
+	github.com/tklauser/numcpus v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.12 // indirect
 	github.com/urfave/cli/v2 v2.27.6 // indirect
 	github.com/xanzy/ssh-agent v0.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240521201337-686a1a2994c1 // indirect
+	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4 // indirect
 	gitlab.com/digitalxero/go-conventional-commit v1.0.7 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 // indirect
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.39.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 h1:85+piFYR1tMbRrLcDwR18y4UKJ3aH1Tbzi24VRW1TK8=
 dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2/go.mod h1:E/hbnu0NxMFBjpMIE34DRGLWqDy0g5FuKDhCb31ngxA=
 github.com/AlekSi/pointer v1.2.0 h1:glcy/gc4h8HnG2Z3ZECSzZ1IX1x2JxRVuDzaJwQE0+w=
 github.com/AlekSi/pointer v1.2.0/go.mod h1:gZGfd3dpW4vEc/UlyfKKi1roIqcCgwOIvb0tSNSBle0=
+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1 h1:UQHMgLO+TxOElx5B5HZ4hJQsoJ/PvUvKRhJHDQXO8P8=
+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20210617225240-d185dfc1b5a1/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 h1:W5quZX/G/csjUnuI8SUYlsHs9M38FC7znL0lIO+DvMg=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
 github.com/DataDog/zstd v1.5.5 h1:oWf5W7GtOLgp6bciQYDmhHHjdhYkALu6S/5Ni9ZgSvQ=
@ -50,6 +52,10 @@ github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/blakesmith/ar v0.0.0-20190502131153-809d4375e1fb h1:m935MPodAbYS46DG4pJSv7WO+VECIWUQ7OJYSoTrMh4=
 github.com/blakesmith/ar v0.0.0-20190502131153-809d4375e1fb/go.mod h1:PkYb9DJNAwrSvRx5DYA+gUcOIgTGVMNkfSCbZM8cWpI=
+github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0 h1:Ny8MWAHyOepLGlLKYmXG4IEkioBysk6GpaRTLC8zwWs=
+github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0/go.mod h1:SwYbGRRDovPVboqFv0tPTcG1sN61LM1Z4ARdbAV9g4c=
+github.com/bsm/gomega v1.27.10 h1:yeMWxP2pV2fG3FgAODIY8EiRE3dy0aeFYt4l7wh6yKA=
+github.com/bsm/gomega v1.27.10/go.mod h1:JyEr/xRbxbtgWNi8tIEVPUYZ5Dzef52k01W3YH0H+O0=
 github.com/caarlos0/testfs v0.4.4 h1:3PHvzHi5Lt+g332CiShwS8ogTgS3HjrmzZxCm6JCDr8=
 github.com/caarlos0/testfs v0.4.4/go.mod h1:bRN55zgG4XCUVVHZCeU+/Tz1Q6AxEJOEJTliBy+1DMk=
 github.com/cavaliergopher/cpio v1.0.1 h1:KQFSeKmZhv0cr+kawA3a0xTQCU4QxXF1vhU7P7av2KM=
@ -69,6 +75,12 @@ github.com/cli/safeexec v1.0.0/go.mod h1:Z/D4tTN8Vs5gXYHDCbaM1S/anmEDnJb1iW0+EJ5
 github.com/cli/shurcooL-graphql v0.0.1/go.mod h1:U7gCSuMZP/Qy7kbqkk5PrqXEeDgtfG5K+W+u8weorps=
 github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1 h1:zqIqSPIndyBh1bjLVVDHMPpVKqp8Su/V+6MeDzzQBQ0=
 github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.6.1/go.mod h1:uddAzsPgqdMAYatqJ0lsjX1oECcQLIlRpzZh3pJrofs=
+github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 h1:TCJt7ioM2cr/tfR8GPbGf9/VRAX8D2B4PjzCpfX540I=
+github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:VRRf09a7mHDIRezVKTRCrOq78v577GXq3bSa3EhrzVo=
+github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 h1:zvwtM3rz2YHPQsF2CHYM8+KtB5dvhISiXh5ZpSBQv6A=
+github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1/go.mod h1:XHCb+2/hzowdiut9rkudds9bE5yJ7npe7dG/wG+uFPw=
+github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 h1:DlJTyZGBDlXqUZ2Dk2Q3xHs/FtnooJJVaad2S9GKorA=
+github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2/go.mod h1:sugsbF4//dDlL/i+S+rtpIWp+5h0BHJHfjj5/jFyUJc=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6 h1:XJtiaUW6dEEqVuZiMTn1ldk455QWwEIsMIJlo5vtkx0=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:oOW0eioCTA6cOiMLiUPZOpcVxMig6NIQQ7OS05n1F4g=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24 h1:bJrF4RRfyJnbTJqzRLHzcGaZK1NeM5kTC9jGgovnR1s=
@ -81,10 +93,22 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc h1:U9qPSI2PIWSS1
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0 h1:swm0rlPCmdWn9mESxKOjWk8hXSqoxOp+ZlfuyaAdFlQ=
 github.com/deckarep/golang-set/v2 v2.8.0/go.mod h1:VAky9rY/yGXJOLEDv3OMci+7wtDpOF4IN+y82NBOac4=
+github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
+github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
+github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5QvfrDyIgxBk=
+github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0/go.mod h1:BbU0aIcezP1/5jX/8MP0YiH4SdvB5Y4f/wlDRiLyi3E=
 github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4 h1:rPYF9/LECdNymJufQKmri9gV604RvvABwgOA8un7yAo=
 github.com/dlclark/regexp2 v1.11.4/go.mod h1:DHkYz0B9wPfa6wondMfaivmHpzrQ3v9q8cnmRbL6yW8=
+github.com/docker/docker v28.0.1+incompatible h1:FCHjSRdXhNRFjlHMTv4jUNlIBbTeRjrWfeFuJp7jpo0=
+github.com/docker/docker v28.0.1+incompatible/go.mod h1:eEKB0N0r5NX/I1kEveEz05bcu8tLC/8azJZsviup8Sk=
+github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0 h1:USnMq7hx7gwdVZq1L49hLXaFtUdTADjXGp+uj1Br63c=
+github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0/go.mod h1:ov60Kzw0kKElRwhNs9UlUHAE/F9Fe6GLaXnqyDdmEXc=
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 h1:69rxXcBk27SvSaaxTtLh/8llcHD8vYHT7WSdRZ/jvr4=
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0/go.mod h1:fgPhTUdO+D/Jk86RDLlptpiXQzgHJF7gydDDbaIK4Dk=
 github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20250309171923-bcd7cc6bf64c h1:mxWGS0YyquJ/ikZOjSrRjjFIbUqIP9ojyYQ+QZTU3Rg=
 github.com/dop251/goja v0.0.0-20250309171923-bcd7cc6bf64c/go.mod h1:MxLav0peU43GgvwVgNbLAj1s/bSGboKkhuULvq/7hx4=
+github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.2 h1:jPPGWs2sZ1UgOSgD2bClL0MJIqu58nOmIcBuXr62z1I=
+github.com/ebitengine/purego v0.8.2/go.mod h1:iIjxzd6CiRiOG0UyXP+V1+jWqUXVjPKLAI0mRfJZTmQ=
 github.com/elazarl/goproxy v1.7.2 h1:Y2o6urb7Eule09PjlhQRGNsqRfPmYI3KKQLFpCAV3+o=
 github.com/elazarl/goproxy v1.7.2/go.mod h1:82vkLNir0ALaW14Rc399OTTjyNREgmdL2cVoIbS6XaE=
 github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1 h1:FXtiHYKDGKCW2KzwZKx0iC0PQmdlorYgdFG9jPXJ1Bc=
@ -101,6 +125,8 @@ github.com/fatih/color v1.10.0/go.mod h1:ELkj/draVOlAH/xkhN6mQ50Qd0MPOk5AAr3maGE
 github.com/fatih/color v1.13.0/go.mod h1:kLAiJbzzSOZDVNGyDpeOxJ47H46qBXwg5ILebYFFOfk=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.17.0 h1:GlRw1BRJxkpqUCBKzKOw098ed57fEsKeNjpTe3cSjK4=
 github.com/fatih/color v1.17.0/go.mod h1:YZ7TlrGPkiz6ku9fK3TLD/pl3CpsiFyu8N92HLgmosI=
+github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 h1:NFTV2Zj1bL4mc9sqWACXbQFVBBg2W3GPvqp8/ESS2Wg=
+github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4/go.mod h1:m8KPJKqk1gH5J9DgRY2ASl2lWCfGKXixSwevea8zH2U=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
 github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6/go.mod h1:4ptaffx2x8+WTWXmUCuVU6aPUX1/Mz7zb5vbUoiM6w0=
 github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify v1.8.0 h1:dAwr6QBTBZIkG8roQaJjGof0pp0EeF+tNV7YBP3F/8M=
@ -119,10 +145,13 @@ github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.14.0 h1:/MD3lCrGjCen5WfEAzKg00MJJffKhC8gzS80ycmCi
 github.com/go-git/go-git/v5 v5.14.0/go.mod h1:Z5Xhoia5PcWA3NF8vRLURn9E5FRhSl7dGj9ItW3Wk5k=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.4 h1:Wp5HA7bLQcKnf6YYao/4kpRpVMp/yf6+pJKV8WFSaNY=
 github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.4/go.mod h1:5b+7YgP7ZICgJDBdfjZaIt+H/9L9T/YQrVfLAMboGkQ=
+github.com/go-logr/logr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:jdQByPbusPIv2/zmleS9BjJVeZ6kBagPoEUsqbVz/1A=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 h1:6pFjapn8bFcIbiKo3XT4j/BhANplGihG6tvd+8rYgrY=
 github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 h1:hSWxHoqTgW2S2qGc0LTAI563KZ5YKYRhT3MFKZMbjag=
 github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2/go.mod h1:mMo/vtBO5dYbehREoey6XUKy/eSumjCCveDpRre4VKE=
+github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6 h1:/Fpf6oFPoeFik9ty7siob0G6Ke8QvQEuVcuChpwXzpY=
+github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.2.6/go.mod h1:pprOEPIfldk/42T2oK7lQ4v4JSDwmV0As9GaiUsvbm0=
 github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.0.1/go.mod h1:VDjEfimB/XKnb+ZQfWdccd7VUvScMdVu0Titje2rxJ4=
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.13.0 h1:HyWk6mgj5qFqCT5fjGBuRArbVDfE4hi8+e8ceBS/t7Q=
 github.com/go-playground/locales v0.13.0/go.mod h1:taPMhCMXrRLJO55olJkUXHZBHCxTMfnGwq/HNwmWNS8=
@ -142,6 +171,8 @@ github.com/gobwas/glob v0.2.3/go.mod h1:d3Ez4x06l9bZtSvzIay5+Yzi0fmZzPgnTbPcKjJA
 github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.9.5/go.mod h1:U/jl18uSupI5rdI2jmuCswEA2htH9eXfferR3KfscvA=
 github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.12.0 h1:/1WHjnMsI1dlIBQutrvSMGZRQufVO3asrHfTwfACoPM=
 github.com/goccy/go-yaml v1.12.0/go.mod h1:wKnAMd44+9JAAnGQpWVEgBzGt3YuTaQ4uXoHvE4m7WU=
+github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
+github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2 h1:Rl4B7itRWVtYIHFrSNd7vhTiz9UpLdi6gZhZ3wEeDy8=
 github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5 v5.2.2/go.mod h1:pqrtFR0X4osieyHYxtmOUWsAWrfe1Q5UVIyoH402zdk=
 github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 h1:f+oWsMOmNPc8JmEHVZIycC7hBoQxHH9pNKQORJNozsQ=
@ -153,6 +184,7 @@ github.com/google/cel-go v0.25.0/go.mod h1:hjEb6r5SuOSlhCHmFoLzu8HGCERvIsDAbxDAy
 github.com/google/go-cmdtest v0.4.1-0.20220921163831-55ab3332a786 h1:rcv+Ippz6RAtvaGgKxc+8FQIpxHgsF+HBzPyYL2cyVU=
 github.com/google/go-cmdtest v0.4.1-0.20220921163831-55ab3332a786/go.mod h1:apVn/GCasLZUVpAJ6oWAuyP7Ne7CEsQbTnc0plM3m+o=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.6/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
@ -196,6 +228,8 @@ github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible h1:xdiiI2gbIgH/gLH7ADydsJ1uDOEzR8yvV7
 github.com/jtolds/gls v4.20.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:QJZ7F/aHp+rZTRtaJ1ow/lLfFfVYBRgL+9YlvaHOwJU=
 github.com/kevinburke/ssh_config v1.2.0 h1:x584FjTGwHzMwvHx18PXxbBVzfnxogHaAReU4gf13a4=
 github.com/kevinburke/ssh_config v1.2.0/go.mod h1:CT57kijsi8u/K/BOFA39wgDQJ9CxiF4nAY/ojJ6r6mM=
+github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
+github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
 github.com/kjk/lzma v0.0.0-20161016003348-3fd93898850d h1:RnWZeH8N8KXfbwMTex/KKMYMj0FJRCF6tQubUuQ02GM=
 github.com/kjk/lzma v0.0.0-20161016003348-3fd93898850d/go.mod h1:phT/jsRPBAEqjAibu1BurrabCBNTYiVI+zbmyCZJY6Q=
 github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
@ -213,6 +247,10 @@ github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0 h1:hpXL4XnriNwQ/ABnpepYM/1vCLWNDfUNts8dX3xTG6Y=
 github.com/leodido/go-urn v1.2.0/go.mod h1:+8+nEpDfqqsY+g338gtMEUOtuK+4dEMhiQEgxpxOKII=
+github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0 h1:6E+4a0GO5zZEnZ81pIr0yLvtUWk2if982qA3F3QD6H4=
+github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20211012122336-39d0f177ccd0/go.mod h1:zJYVVT2jmtg6P3p1VtQj7WsuWi/y4VnjVBn7F8KPB3I=
+github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10 h1:s31yESBquKXCV9a/ScB3ESkOjUYYv+X0rg8SYxI99mE=
+github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.10/go.mod h1:Dhd985XPs7jluiymwWYZ0G4Z61jb3vdS329zhj2hYo0=
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@ -232,6 +270,20 @@ github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0 h1:i6ampVEEF4wQFF+bkYfwYgY+F/uYJDktmvLPf7qIgjc
 github.com/mitchellh/go-ps v1.0.0/go.mod h1:J4lOc8z8yJs6vUwklHw2XEIiT4z4C40KtWVN3nvg8Pg=
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 github.com/natefinch/atomic v1.0.1 h1:ZPYKxkqQOx3KZ+RsbnP/YsgvxWQPGxjC0oBt2AhwV0A=
@ -241,6 +293,10 @@ github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n/v2 v2.6.0 h1:C/m2NNWNiTB6SK4Ao8df5EWm3JETSTIGNXBpM
 github.com/nicksnyder/go-i18n/v2 v2.6.0/go.mod h1:88sRqr0C6OPyJn0/KRNaEz1uWorjxIKP7rUUcvycecE=
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 github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 h1:FEBLx1zS214owpjy7qsBeixbURkuhQAwrK5UwLGTwt4=
@ -250,6 +306,8 @@ github.com/playwright-community/playwright-go v0.5200.0/go.mod h1:UnnyQZaqUOO5yw
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 h1:Jamvg5psRIccs7FGNTlIRMkT8wgtp5eCXdBlqhYGL6U=
 github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZNVY4sRDYZ/4=
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 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 h1:ZKSh/rekM+n3CeS952MLRAdFwIKqeY8b62p8ais2e9E=
@ -258,6 +316,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 h1:xasJaQlnWAeyHdUBeGjXmutelfJHWMRr+Fg4QszZ
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0/go.mod h1:vyBcEuLSvWos9B1+CyL7JZ2up+uFzXhkqml0W5zIY1I=
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 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
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@ -269,6 +329,8 @@ github.com/sebest/xff v0.0.0-20210106013422-671bd2870b3a h1:iLcLb5Fwwz7g/DLK89F+
 github.com/sebest/xff v0.0.0-20210106013422-671bd2870b3a/go.mod h1:wozgYq9WEBQBaIJe4YZ0qTSFAMxmcwBhQH0fO0R34Z0=
 github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.3.2-0.20230802210424-5b0b94c5c0d3 h1:n661drycOFuPLCN3Uc8sB6B/s6Z4t2xvBgU1htSHuq8=
 github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.3.2-0.20230802210424-5b0b94c5c0d3/go.mod h1:A0bzQcvG0E7Rwjx0REVgAGH58e96+X0MeOfepqsbeW4=
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 github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0/go.mod h1:gawqmDU56v4yIKSwfBSFip1HdCCXN8/+DMd9qYNcwME=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.7.0/go.mod h1:yWOB1SBYBC5VeMP7gHvWumXLIWorT60ONWic61uBYv0=
@ -303,7 +365,13 @@ github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/pinact v1.6.0 h1:2QvSzREOquwLwKXhF9Hj0AInE/Rl63SZz9dK
 github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/pinact v1.6.0/go.mod h1:FDUMck0mmL0mcnNZ23Vjh/aOR5cIdZhF1IIpGksT4dQ=
 github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/urfave-cli-help-all v0.0.4 h1:YGHgrVjGTYHY98II6zijXUHP+OyvrzSCvd8m9iUcaK8=
 github.com/suzuki-shunsuke/urfave-cli-help-all v0.0.4/go.mod h1:sSi6xaUaHfaqu32ECLeyE7NTMv+ZM5dW0JikhllaalY=
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@ -314,11 +382,19 @@ github.com/xi2/xz v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8 h1:nIPpBwaJSVYIxUFsDv3M8ofm
 github.com/xi2/xz v0.0.0-20171230120015-48954b6210f8/go.mod h1:HUYIGzjTL3rfEspMxjDjgmT5uz5wzYJKVo23qUhYTos=
 github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240521201337-686a1a2994c1 h1:gEOO8jv9F4OT7lGCjxCBTO/36wtF6j2nSip77qHd4x4=
 github.com/xrash/smetrics v0.0.0-20240521201337-686a1a2994c1/go.mod h1:Ohn+xnUBiLI6FVj/9LpzZWtj1/D6lUovWYBkxHVV3aM=
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 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.4.13/go.mod h1:6yULJ656Px+3vBD8DxQVa3kxgyrAnzto9xy5taEt/CY=
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+go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.4.2/go.mod h1:Is8rSHO/b4f3XigBC0lL0+4FwAQv3HXEEIgFMuKHceM=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 h1:cH53jehLUN6UFLY71z+NDOiNJqDdPRaXzTel0sJySYA=
 go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0/go.mod h1:3wSPjt5PWp2RhlCcmmOial7AvC4DQqZb7a7wCow3W8A=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0 h1:jq9TW8u3so/bN+JPT166wjOI6/vQPF6Xe7nMNIltagk=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.49.0/go.mod h1:p8pYQP+m5XfbZm9fxtSKAbM6oIllS7s2AfxrChvc7iw=
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@ -334,6 +410,7 @@ go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2/go.mod h1:081UH+NErpNdqlCXm3TtEran0rJZGxAYx9hb/ELlsPU=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.3 h1:bXOww4E/J3f66rav3pX3m8w6jDE4knZjGOw8b5Y6iNE=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.3/go.mod h1:tBHosrYAkRZjRAOREWbDnBXUf08JOwYq++0QNwQiWzI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210921155107-089bfa567519/go.mod h1:GvvjBRRGRdwPK5ydBHafDWAxML/pGHZbMvKqRZ5+Abc=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
@ -344,12 +421,16 @@ golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240719175910-8a7402abbf56 h1:2dVuKD2vS7b0QIHQbpyTISPd0
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240719175910-8a7402abbf56/go.mod h1:M4RDyNAINzryxdtnbRXRL/OHtkFuWGRjvuhBJpk2IlY=
 golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20231108232855-2478ac86f678 h1:1P7xPZEwZMoBoz0Yze5Nx2/4pxj6nw9ZqHWXqP0iRgQ=
 golang.org/x/exp/typeparams v0.0.0-20231108232855-2478ac86f678/go.mod h1:AbB0pIl9nAr9wVwH+Z2ZpaocVmF5I4GyWCDIsVjR0bk=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
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 golang.org/x/mod v0.6.0-dev.0.20220419223038-86c51ed26bb4/go.mod h1:jJ57K6gSWd91VN4djpZkiMVwK6gcyfeH4XE8wZrZaV4=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.8.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
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 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
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+golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
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@ -360,20 +441,26 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.41.0/go.mod h1:B/K4NNqkfmg07DQYrbwvSluqCJOOXwUjeb/5lOisjbA=
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 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
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 golang.org/x/sync v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0 h1:KWH3jNZsfyT6xfAfKiz6MRNmd46ByHDYaZ7KSkCtdW8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.15.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190916202348-b4ddaad3f8a3/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20191026070338-33540a1f6037/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200116001909-b77594299b42/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200223170610-d5e6a3e2c0ae/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201204225414-ed752295db88/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210124154548-22da62e12c0c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210319071255-635bc2c9138d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210423082822-04245dca01da/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210630005230-0f9fa26af87c/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210831042530-f4d43177bf5e/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220520151302-bc2c85ada10a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
@ -384,6 +471,7 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220818161305-2296e01440c6/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.5.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.11.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0 h1:q3i8TbbEz+JRD9ywIRlyRAQbM0qF7hu24q3teo2hbuw=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.33.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
@ -408,6 +496,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.26.0 h1:P42AVeLghgTYr4+xUnTRKDMqpar+PtX7KWuNQL21L8M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.26.0/go.mod h1:QK15LZJUUQVJxhz7wXgxSy/CJaTFjd0G+YLonydOVQA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.12/go.mod h1:hNGJHUnrk76NpqgfD5Aqm5Crs+Hm0VOH/i9J2+nxYbc=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Xwgl3UAJ/d3gWutnCtw505GrjyAbvKui8lOU390QaIU=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0 h1:qIpSLOxeCYGg9TrcJokLBG4KFA6d795g0xkBkiESGlo=
@ -415,6 +505,7 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.34.0/go.mod h1:pAP9OwEaY1CAW3HOmg3hLZC5Z0CCmzjAF2UQMSqNARg
 golang.org/x/vuln v1.1.4 h1:Ju8QsuyhX3Hk8ma3CesTbO8vfJD9EvUBgHvkxHBzj0I=
 golang.org/x/vuln v1.1.4/go.mod h1:F+45wmU18ym/ca5PLTPLsSzr2KppzswxPP603ldA67s=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
+golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220609144429-65e65417b02f/go.mod h1:K8+ghG5WaK9qNqU5K3HdILfMLy1f3aNYFI/wnl100a8=
--- a/internal/unbreakdocker.go
+++ b/internal/unbreakdocker.go
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package internal
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+)
+
+func UnbreakDocker() {
+	// XXX(Xe): This is bad code. Do not do this.
+	//
+	// I have to do this because I'm running from inside the context of a dev
+	// container. This dev container runs in a different docker network than
+	// the valkey test container runs in. In order to let my dev container
+	// connect to the test container, they need to share a network in common.
+	// The easiest network to use for this is the default "bridge" network.
+	//
+	// This is a horrifying monstrosity, but the part that scares me the most
+	// is the fact that it works.
+	if hostname, err := os.Hostname(); err == nil {
+		exec.Command("docker", "network", "connect", "bridge", hostname).Run()
+	}
+}
--- a/lib/anubis.go
+++ b/lib/anubis.go
@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 package lib

 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/sha256"
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import (

 	"github.com/golang-jwt/jwt/v5"
 	"github.com/google/cel-go/common/types"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"

 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
@ -30,6 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/checker"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"

 	// challenge implementations
 	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/challenge/metarefresh"
@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ type Server struct {
 	ed25519Priv ed25519.PrivateKey
 	hs512Secret []byte
 	opts        Options
+	store       store.Interface
 }

 func (s *Server) getTokenKeyfunc() jwt.Keyfunc {
@ -87,23 +91,51 @@ func (s *Server) getTokenKeyfunc() jwt.Keyfunc {
 	}
 }

-func (s *Server) challengeFor(r *http.Request, difficulty int) string {
-	var fp [32]byte
-	if len(s.hs512Secret) == 0 {
-		fp = sha256.Sum256(s.ed25519Priv.Public().(ed25519.PublicKey)[:])
-	} else {
-		fp = sha256.Sum256(s.hs512Secret)
+func (s *Server) challengeFor(r *http.Request) (*challenge.Challenge, error) {
+	ckies := r.CookiesNamed(anubis.TestCookieName)
+
+	if len(ckies) == 0 {
+		return s.issueChallenge(r.Context(), r)
 	}

-	challengeData := fmt.Sprintf(
-		"X-Real-IP=%s,User-Agent=%s,WeekTime=%s,Fingerprint=%x,Difficulty=%d",
-		r.Header.Get("X-Real-Ip"),
-		r.UserAgent(),
-		time.Now().UTC().Round(24*7*time.Hour).Format(time.RFC3339),
-		fp,
-		difficulty,
-	)
-	return internal.FastHash(challengeData)
+	j := store.JSON[challenge.Challenge]{Underlying: s.store}
+
+	ckie := ckies[0]
+	chall, err := j.Get(r.Context(), "challenge:"+ckie.Value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &chall, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Server) issueChallenge(ctx context.Context, r *http.Request) (*challenge.Challenge, error) {
+	id, err := uuid.NewV7()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var randomData = make([]byte, 256)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(randomData); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	chall := challenge.Challenge{
+		ID:         id.String(),
+		RandomData: fmt.Sprintf("%x", randomData),
+		IssuedAt:   time.Now(),
+		Metadata: map[string]string{
+			"User-Agent": r.Header.Get("User-Agent"),
+			"X-Real-Ip":  r.Header.Get("X-Real-Ip"),
+		},
+	}
+
+	j := store.JSON[challenge.Challenge]{Underlying: s.store}
+	if err := j.Set(ctx, "challenge:"+id.String(), chall, 30*time.Minute); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &chall, err
 }

 func (s *Server) maybeReverseProxyHttpStatusOnly(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@ -309,15 +341,30 @@ func (s *Server) MakeChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 	lg = lg.With("check_result", cr)
-	chal := s.challengeFor(r, rule.Challenge.Difficulty)

-	s.SetCookie(w, CookieOpts{Host: r.Host, Name: anubis.TestCookieName, Value: chal})
+	chall, err := s.challengeFor(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		lg.Error("failed to fetch or issue challenge", "err", err)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		err := encoder.Encode(struct {
+			Error string `json:"error"`
+		}{
+			Error: fmt.Sprintf("%s \"makeChallenge\"", localizer.T("internal_server_error")),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			lg.Error("failed to encode error response", "err", err)
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	s.SetCookie(w, CookieOpts{Host: r.Host, Name: anubis.TestCookieName, Value: chall.ID})

 	err = encoder.Encode(struct {
 		Rules     *config.ChallengeRules `json:"rules"`
 		Challenge string                 `json:"challenge"`
 	}{
-		Challenge: chal,
+		Challenge: chall.RandomData,
 		Rules:     rule.Challenge,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
@ -325,7 +372,7 @@ func (s *Server) MakeChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 		return
 	}
-	lg.Debug("made challenge", "challenge", chal, "rules", rule.Challenge, "cr", cr)
+	lg.Debug("made challenge", "challenge", chall, "rules", rule.Challenge, "cr", cr)
 	challengesIssued.WithLabelValues("api").Inc()
 }

@ -384,9 +431,20 @@ func (s *Server) PassChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}

-	challengeStr := s.challengeFor(r, rule.Challenge.Difficulty)
+	chall, err := s.challengeFor(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		lg.Error("check failed", "err", err)
+		s.respondWithError(w, r, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", localizer.T("internal_server_error"), rule.Challenge.Algorithm))
+		return
+	}

-	if err := impl.Validate(r, lg, rule, challengeStr); err != nil {
+	in := &challenge.ValidateInput{
+		Challenge: chall,
+		Rule:      rule,
+		Store:     s.store,
+	}
+
+	if err := impl.Validate(r, lg, in); err != nil {
 		failedValidations.WithLabelValues(rule.Challenge.Algorithm).Inc()
 		var cerr *challenge.Error
 		s.ClearCookie(w, CookieOpts{Path: cookiePath, Host: r.Host})
@ -405,7 +463,7 @@ func (s *Server) PassChallenge(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

 	// generate JWT cookie
 	tokenString, err := s.signJWT(jwt.MapClaims{
-		"challenge":  challengeStr,
+		"challenge":  chall.ID,
 		"method":     rule.Challenge.Algorithm,
 		"policyRule": rule.Hash(),
 		"action":     string(cr.Rule),
--- a/lib/challenge/challenge.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/challenge.go
@ -1,60 +1,11 @@
 package challenge

-import (
-	"log/slog"
-	"net/http"
-	"sort"
-	"sync"
+import "time"

-	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy"
-	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
-	"github.com/a-h/templ"
-)
-
-var (
-	registry map[string]Impl = map[string]Impl{}
-	regLock  sync.RWMutex
-)
-
-func Register(name string, impl Impl) {
-	regLock.Lock()
-	defer regLock.Unlock()
-
-	registry[name] = impl
-}
-
-func Get(name string) (Impl, bool) {
-	regLock.RLock()
-	defer regLock.RUnlock()
-	result, ok := registry[name]
-	return result, ok
-}
-
-func Methods() []string {
-	regLock.RLock()
-	defer regLock.RUnlock()
-	var result []string
-	for method := range registry {
-		result = append(result, method)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(result)
-	return result
-}
-
-type IssueInput struct {
-	Impressum *config.Impressum
-	Rule      *policy.Bot
-	Challenge string
-	OGTags    map[string]string
-}
-
-type Impl interface {
-	// Setup registers any additional routes with the Impl for assets or API routes.
-	Setup(mux *http.ServeMux)
-
-	// Issue a new challenge to the user, called by the Anubis.
-	Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *IssueInput) (templ.Component, error)
-
-	// Validate a challenge, making sure that it passes muster.
-	Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, rule *policy.Bot, challenge string) error
+// Challenge is the metadata about a single challenge issuance.
+type Challenge struct {
+	ID         string            `json:"id"`         // UUID identifying the challenge
+	RandomData string            `json:"randomData"` // The random data the client processes
+	IssuedAt   time.Time         `json:"issuedAt"`   // When the challenge was issued
+	Metadata   map[string]string `json:"metadata"`   // Challenge metadata such as IP address and user agent
 }
--- a/lib/challenge/challengetest/challengetest.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/challengetest/challengetest.go
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package challengetest
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/internal"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/challenge"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+func New(t *testing.T) *challenge.Challenge {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	id := uuid.Must(uuid.NewV7())
+	randomData := internal.SHA256sum(time.Now().String())
+
+	return &challenge.Challenge{
+		ID:         id.String(),
+		RandomData: randomData,
+		IssuedAt:   time.Now(),
+	}
+}
--- a/lib/challenge/challengetest/challengetest_test.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/challengetest/challengetest_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package challengetest
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestNew(t *testing.T) {
+	_ = New(t)
+}
--- a/lib/challenge/interface.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/interface.go
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package challenge
+
+import (
+	"log/slog"
+	"net/http"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	"github.com/a-h/templ"
+)
+
+var (
+	registry map[string]Impl = map[string]Impl{}
+	regLock  sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+func Register(name string, impl Impl) {
+	regLock.Lock()
+	defer regLock.Unlock()
+
+	registry[name] = impl
+}
+
+func Get(name string) (Impl, bool) {
+	regLock.RLock()
+	defer regLock.RUnlock()
+	result, ok := registry[name]
+	return result, ok
+}
+
+func Methods() []string {
+	regLock.RLock()
+	defer regLock.RUnlock()
+	var result []string
+	for method := range registry {
+		result = append(result, method)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(result)
+	return result
+}
+
+type IssueInput struct {
+	Impressum *config.Impressum
+	Rule      *policy.Bot
+	Challenge *Challenge
+	OGTags    map[string]string
+	Store     store.Interface
+}
+
+type ValidateInput struct {
+	Rule      *policy.Bot
+	Challenge *Challenge
+	Store     store.Interface
+}
+
+type Impl interface {
+	// Setup registers any additional routes with the Impl for assets or API routes.
+	Setup(mux *http.ServeMux)
+
+	// Issue a new challenge to the user, called by the Anubis.
+	Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *IssueInput) (templ.Component, error)
+
+	// Validate a challenge, making sure that it passes muster.
+	Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *ValidateInput) error
+}
--- a/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh.go
@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/challenge"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/localization"
-	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/web"
 	"github.com/a-h/templ"
 )
@ -32,11 +31,11 @@ func (i *Impl) Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *challenge.IssueInput)

 	q := u.Query()
 	q.Set("redir", r.URL.String())
-	q.Set("challenge", in.Challenge)
+	q.Set("challenge", in.Challenge.RandomData)
 	u.RawQuery = q.Encode()

 	loc := localization.GetLocalizer(r)
-	component, err := web.BaseWithChallengeAndOGTags(loc.T("making_sure_not_bot"), page(in.Challenge, u.String(), in.Rule.Challenge.Difficulty, loc), in.Impressum, in.Challenge, in.Rule.Challenge, in.OGTags, loc)
+	component, err := web.BaseWithChallengeAndOGTags(loc.T("making_sure_not_bot"), page(u.String(), in.Rule.Challenge.Difficulty, loc), in.Impressum, in.Challenge.RandomData, in.Rule.Challenge, in.OGTags, loc)

 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't render page: %w", err)
@ -45,11 +44,11 @@ func (i *Impl) Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *challenge.IssueInput)
 	return component, nil
 }

-func (i *Impl) Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, rule *policy.Bot, wantChallenge string) error {
+func (i *Impl) Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *challenge.ValidateInput) error {
 	gotChallenge := r.FormValue("challenge")

-	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(wantChallenge), []byte(gotChallenge)) != 1 {
-		return challenge.NewError("validate", "invalid response", fmt.Errorf("%w: wanted response %s but got %s", challenge.ErrFailed, wantChallenge, gotChallenge))
+	if subtle.ConstantTimeCompare([]byte(in.Challenge.RandomData), []byte(gotChallenge)) != 1 {
+		return challenge.NewError("validate", "invalid response", fmt.Errorf("%w: wanted response %s but got %s", challenge.ErrFailed, in.Challenge.RandomData, gotChallenge))
 	}

 	return nil
--- a/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh.templ
+++ b/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh.templ
@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/localization"
 )

-templ page(challenge, redir string, difficulty int, loc *localization.SimpleLocalizer) {
+templ page(redir string, difficulty int, loc *localization.SimpleLocalizer) {
 	<div class="centered-div">
 		<img id="image" style="width:100%;max-width:256px;" src={ anubis.BasePrefix + "/.within.website/x/cmd/anubis/static/img/pensive.webp?cacheBuster=" + anubis.Version }/>
 		<img style="display:none;" style="width:100%;max-width:256px;" src={ anubis.BasePrefix + "/.within.website/x/cmd/anubis/static/img/happy.webp?cacheBuster=" + anubis.Version }/>
--- a/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh_templ.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/metarefresh/metarefresh_templ.go
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/localization"
 )

-func page(challenge, redir string, difficulty int, loc *localization.SimpleLocalizer) templ.Component {
+func page(redir string, difficulty int, loc *localization.SimpleLocalizer) templ.Component {
 	return templruntime.GeneratedTemplate(func(templ_7745c5c3_Input templruntime.GeneratedComponentInput) (templ_7745c5c3_Err error) {
 		templ_7745c5c3_W, ctx := templ_7745c5c3_Input.Writer, templ_7745c5c3_Input.Context
 		if templ_7745c5c3_CtxErr := ctx.Err(); templ_7745c5c3_CtxErr != nil {
--- a/lib/challenge/proofofwork/proofofwork.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/proofofwork/proofofwork.go
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/internal"
 	chall "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/challenge"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/localization"
-	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/web"
 	"github.com/a-h/templ"
 )
@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ func (i *Impl) Setup(mux *http.ServeMux) {

 func (i *Impl) Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *chall.IssueInput) (templ.Component, error) {
 	loc := localization.GetLocalizer(r)
-	component, err := web.BaseWithChallengeAndOGTags(loc.T("making_sure_not_bot"), web.Index(loc), in.Impressum, in.Challenge, in.Rule.Challenge, in.OGTags, loc)
+	component, err := web.BaseWithChallengeAndOGTags(loc.T("making_sure_not_bot"), web.Index(loc), in.Impressum, in.Challenge.RandomData, in.Rule.Challenge, in.OGTags, loc)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't render page: %w", err)
 	}
@ -39,7 +38,10 @@ func (i *Impl) Issue(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *chall.IssueInput) (te
 	return component, nil
 }

-func (i *Impl) Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, rule *policy.Bot, challenge string) error {
+func (i *Impl) Validate(r *http.Request, lg *slog.Logger, in *chall.ValidateInput) error {
+	rule := in.Rule
+	challenge := in.Challenge.RandomData
+
 	nonceStr := r.FormValue("nonce")
 	if nonceStr == "" {
 		return chall.NewError("validate", "invalid response", fmt.Errorf("%w nonce", chall.ErrMissingField))
--- a/lib/challenge/proofofwork/proofofwork_test.go
+++ b/lib/challenge/proofofwork/proofofwork_test.go
@ -124,16 +124,25 @@ func TestBasic(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Run(cs.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			lg := slog.With()

+			i.Setup(http.NewServeMux())
+
 			inp := &challenge.IssueInput{
-				Rule:      bot,
-				Challenge: cs.challengeStr,
+				Rule: bot,
+				Challenge: &challenge.Challenge{
+					RandomData: cs.challengeStr,
+				},
 			}

 			if _, err := i.Issue(cs.req, lg, inp); err != nil {
 				t.Errorf("can't issue challenge: %v", err)
 			}

-			if err := i.Validate(cs.req, lg, bot, cs.challengeStr); !errors.Is(err, cs.err) {
+			if err := i.Validate(cs.req, lg, &challenge.ValidateInput{
+				Rule: bot,
+				Challenge: &challenge.Challenge{
+					RandomData: cs.challengeStr,
+				},
+			}); !errors.Is(err, cs.err) {
 				t.Errorf("got wrong error from Validate, got %v but wanted %v", err, cs.err)
 			}
 		})
--- a/lib/config.go
+++ b/lib/config.go
@ -110,6 +110,7 @@ func New(opts Options) (*Server, error) {
 		opts:        opts,
 		DNSBLCache:  decaymap.New[string, dnsbl.DroneBLResponse](),
 		OGTags:      ogtags.NewOGTagCache(opts.Target, opts.Policy.OpenGraph),
+		store:       opts.Policy.Store,
 	}

 	mux := http.NewServeMux()
--- a/lib/http.go
+++ b/lib/http.go
@ -128,7 +128,12 @@ func (s *Server) RenderIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, rule *polic
 	}

 	challengesIssued.WithLabelValues("embedded").Add(1)
-	challengeStr := s.challengeFor(r, rule.Challenge.Difficulty)
+	chall, err := s.challengeFor(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		lg.Error("can't get challenge", "err", "err")
+		s.respondWithError(w, r, fmt.Sprintf("%s: %s", localizer.T("internal_server_error"), rule.Challenge.Algorithm))
+		return
+	}

 	var ogTags map[string]string = nil
 	if s.opts.OpenGraph.Enabled {
@ -140,7 +145,7 @@ func (s *Server) RenderIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, rule *polic
 	}

 	s.SetCookie(w, CookieOpts{
-		Value:  challengeStr,
+		Value:  chall.ID,
 		Host:   r.Host,
 		Path:   "/",
 		Name:   anubis.TestCookieName,
@ -157,8 +162,9 @@ func (s *Server) RenderIndex(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, rule *polic
 	in := &challenge.IssueInput{
 		Impressum: s.policy.Impressum,
 		Rule:      rule,
-		Challenge: challengeStr,
+		Challenge: chall,
 		OGTags:    ogTags,
+		Store:     s.store,
 	}

 	component, err := impl.Issue(r, lg, in)
--- a/lib/policy/config/config.go
+++ b/lib/policy/config/config.go
@ -329,6 +329,7 @@ type fileConfig struct {
 	OpenGraph   openGraphFileConfig `json:"openGraph,omitempty"`
 	Impressum   *Impressum          `json:"impressum,omitempty"`
 	StatusCodes StatusCodes         `json:"status_codes"`
+	Store       *Store              `json:"store"`
 	Thresholds  []Threshold         `json:"thresholds"`
 }

@ -361,6 +362,12 @@ func (c *fileConfig) Valid() error {
 		}
 	}

+	if c.Store != nil {
+		if err := c.Store.Valid(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if len(errs) != 0 {
 		return fmt.Errorf("config is not valid:\n%w", errors.Join(errs...))
 	}
@ -374,6 +381,9 @@ func Load(fin io.Reader, fname string) (*Config, error) {
 			Challenge: http.StatusOK,
 			Deny:      http.StatusOK,
 		},
+		Store: &Store{
+			Backend: "memory",
+		},
 	}

 	if err := yaml.NewYAMLToJSONDecoder(fin).Decode(&c); err != nil {
@ -392,6 +402,7 @@ func Load(fin io.Reader, fname string) (*Config, error) {
 			Override:     c.OpenGraph.Override,
 		},
 		StatusCodes: c.StatusCodes,
+		Store:       c.Store,
 	}

 	if c.OpenGraph.TimeToLive != "" {
@ -457,6 +468,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Impressum   *Impressum
 	OpenGraph   OpenGraph
 	StatusCodes StatusCodes
+	Store       *Store
 }

 func (c Config) Valid() error {
--- a/lib/policy/config/config_test.go
+++ b/lib/policy/config/config_test.go
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package config
+package config_test

 import (
 	"errors"
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/data"
+	. "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
 )

 func p[V any](v V) *V { return &v }
@ -325,37 +326,37 @@ func TestConfigValidBad(t *testing.T) {
 func TestBotConfigZero(t *testing.T) {
 	var b BotConfig
 	if !b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("zero value BotConfig is not zero value")
+		t.Error("zero value config.BotConfig is not zero value")
 	}

 	b.Name = "hi"
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with name is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with name is zero value")
 	}

 	b.UserAgentRegex = p(".*")
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with user agent regex is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with user agent regex is zero value")
 	}

 	b.PathRegex = p(".*")
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with path regex is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with path regex is zero value")
 	}

 	b.HeadersRegex = map[string]string{"hi": "there"}
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with headers regex is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with headers regex is zero value")
 	}

 	b.Action = RuleAllow
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with action is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with action is zero value")
 	}

 	b.RemoteAddr = []string{"::/0"}
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with remote addresses is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with remote addresses is zero value")
 	}

 	b.Challenge = &ChallengeRules{
@ -364,6 +365,6 @@ func TestBotConfigZero(t *testing.T) {
 		Algorithm:  DefaultAlgorithm,
 	}
 	if b.Zero() {
-		t.Error("BotConfig with challenge rules is zero value")
+		t.Error("config.BotConfig with challenge rules is zero value")
 	}
 }
--- a/lib/policy/config/store.go
+++ b/lib/policy/config/store.go
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/all"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNoStoreBackend      = errors.New("config.Store: no backend defined")
+	ErrUnknownStoreBackend = errors.New("config.Store: unknown backend")
+)
+
+type Store struct {
+	Backend    string          `json:"backend"`
+	Parameters json.RawMessage `json:"parameters"`
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Valid() error {
+	var errs []error
+
+	if len(s.Backend) == 0 {
+		errs = append(errs, ErrNoStoreBackend)
+	}
+
+	fac, ok := store.Get(s.Backend)
+	switch ok {
+	case true:
+		if err := fac.Valid(s.Parameters); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	case false:
+		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrUnknownStoreBackend, s.Backend))
+	}
+
+	if len(errs) != 0 {
+		return errors.Join(errs...)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/lib/policy/config/store_test.go
+++ b/lib/policy/config/store_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package config_test
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/bbolt"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/valkey"
+)
+
+func TestStoreValid(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		input config.Store
+		err   error
+	}{
+		{
+			name:  "no backend",
+			input: config.Store{},
+			err:   config.ErrNoStoreBackend,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "in-memory backend",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend: "memory",
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "bbolt backend",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend:    "bbolt",
+				Parameters: json.RawMessage(`{"path": "/tmp/foo", "bucket": "bar"}`),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valkey backend",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend:    "valkey",
+				Parameters: json.RawMessage(`{"url": "redis://valkey:6379/0"}`),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valkey backend no URL",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend:    "valkey",
+				Parameters: json.RawMessage(`{}`),
+			},
+			err: valkey.ErrNoURL,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "valkey backend bad URL",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend:    "valkey",
+				Parameters: json.RawMessage(`{"url": "http://anubis.techaro.lol"}`),
+			},
+			err: valkey.ErrBadURL,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "bbolt backend no path",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend:    "bbolt",
+				Parameters: json.RawMessage(`{"path": "", "bucket": "bar"}`),
+			},
+			err: bbolt.ErrMissingPath,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "unknown backend",
+			input: config.Store{
+				Backend: "taco salad",
+			},
+			err: config.ErrUnknownStoreBackend,
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if err := tt.input.Valid(); !errors.Is(err, tt.err) {
+				t.Logf("want: %v", tt.err)
+				t.Logf("got:  %v", err)
+				t.Error("invalid error returned")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/lib/policy/policy.go
+++ b/lib/policy/policy.go
@ -11,8 +11,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/internal/thoth"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/checker"
 	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/policy/config"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
 	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus/promauto"
+
+	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/all"
 )

 var (
@ -35,9 +38,10 @@ type ParsedConfig struct {
 	OpenGraph         config.OpenGraph
 	DefaultDifficulty int
 	StatusCodes       config.StatusCodes
+	Store             store.Interface
 }

-func NewParsedConfig(orig *config.Config) *ParsedConfig {
+func newParsedConfig(orig *config.Config) *ParsedConfig {
 	return &ParsedConfig{
 		orig:        orig,
 		OpenGraph:   orig.OpenGraph,
@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ func ParseConfig(ctx context.Context, fin io.Reader, fname string, defaultDiffic

 	tc, hasThothClient := thoth.FromContext(ctx)

-	result := NewParsedConfig(c)
+	result := newParsedConfig(c)
 	result.DefaultDifficulty = defaultDifficulty

 	for _, b := range c.Bots {
@ -178,6 +182,19 @@ func ParseConfig(ctx context.Context, fin io.Reader, fname string, defaultDiffic
 		result.Thresholds = append(result.Thresholds, threshold)
 	}

+	stFac, ok := store.Get(c.Store.Backend)
+	switch ok {
+	case true:
+		store, err := stFac.Build(ctx, c.Store.Parameters)
+		if err != nil {
+			validationErrs = append(validationErrs, err)
+		} else {
+			result.Store = store
+		}
+	case false:
+		validationErrs = append(validationErrs, config.ErrUnknownStoreBackend)
+	}
+
 	if len(validationErrs) > 0 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("errors validating policy config JSON %s: %w", fname, errors.Join(validationErrs...))
 	}
--- a/lib/store/all/all.go
+++ b/lib/store/all/all.go
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Package all is a meta-package that imports all store implementations.
+//
+// This is a HACK to make tests work consistently.
+package all
+
+import (
+	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/bbolt"
+	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/memory"
+	_ "github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/valkey"
+)
--- a/lib/store/bbolt/bbolt.go
+++ b/lib/store/bbolt/bbolt.go
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrBucketDoesNotExist = errors.New("bbolt: bucket does not exist")
+	ErrNotExists          = errors.New("bbolt: value does not exist in store")
+)
+
+type Item struct {
+	Data    []byte    `json:"data"`
+	Expires time.Time `json:"expires"`
+}
+
+type Store struct {
+	bucket []byte
+	bdb    *bbolt.DB
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	return s.bdb.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		bkt := tx.Bucket(s.bucket)
+		if bkt == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrBucketDoesNotExist, string(s.bucket))
+		}
+
+		if bkt.Get([]byte(key)) == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrNotExists, key)
+		}
+
+		return bkt.Delete([]byte(key))
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]byte, error) {
+	var i Item
+
+	if err := s.bdb.View(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		bkt := tx.Bucket(s.bucket)
+		if bkt == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrBucketDoesNotExist, string(s.bucket))
+		}
+
+		bucketData := bkt.Get([]byte(key))
+		if bucketData == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", store.ErrNotFound, key)
+		}
+
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(bucketData, &i); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrCantDecode, err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if time.Now().After(i.Expires) {
+		go s.Delete(context.Background(), key)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", store.ErrNotFound, key)
+	}
+
+	return i.Data, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value []byte, expiry time.Duration) error {
+	i := Item{
+		Data:    value,
+		Expires: time.Now().Add(expiry),
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(i)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrCantEncode, err)
+	}
+
+	return s.bdb.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		bkt := tx.Bucket(s.bucket)
+		if bkt == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", ErrBucketDoesNotExist, string(s.bucket))
+		}
+
+		return bkt.Put([]byte(key), data)
+	})
+}
+
+func (s *Store) cleanup(ctx context.Context) error {
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	return s.bdb.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		bkt := tx.Bucket(s.bucket)
+		if bkt == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cache bucket %q does not exist", string(s.bucket))
+		}
+
+		return bkt.ForEach(func(k, v []byte) error {
+			var i Item
+
+			data := bkt.Get(k)
+			if data == nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%s in Cache bucket does not exist???", string(k))
+			}
+
+			if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &i); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("can't unmarshal data at key %s: %w", string(k), err)
+			}
+
+			if now.After(i.Expires) {
+				return bkt.Delete(k)
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		})
+	})
+
+}
+
+func (s *Store) cleanupThread(ctx context.Context) {
+	t := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
+	defer t.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-t.C:
+			if err := s.cleanup(ctx); err != nil {
+				slog.Error("error during bbolt cleanup", "err", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/lib/store/bbolt/bbolt_test.go
+++ b/lib/store/bbolt/bbolt_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/storetest"
+)
+
+func TestImpl(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "db")
+	t.Log(path)
+	data, err := json.Marshal(Config{
+		Path:   path,
+		Bucket: "anubis",
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	storetest.Common(t, Factory{}, json.RawMessage(data))
+}
--- a/lib/store/bbolt/factory.go
+++ b/lib/store/bbolt/factory.go
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	"go.etcd.io/bbolt"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrMissingPath     = errors.New("bbolt: path is missing from config")
+	ErrCantWriteToPath = errors.New("bbolt: can't write to path")
+)
+
+func init() {
+	store.Register("bbolt", Factory{})
+}
+
+type Factory struct{}
+
+func (Factory) Build(ctx context.Context, data json.RawMessage) (store.Interface, error) {
+	var config Config
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &config); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := config.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	if config.Bucket == "" {
+		config.Bucket = "anubis"
+	}
+
+	bdb, err := bbolt.Open(config.Path, 0600, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't open bbolt database %s: %w", config.Path, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := bdb.Update(func(tx *bbolt.Tx) error {
+		if _, err := tx.CreateBucketIfNotExists([]byte(config.Bucket)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't create bbolt bucket %q: %w", config.Bucket, err)
+	}
+
+	result := &Store{
+		bdb:    bdb,
+		bucket: []byte(config.Bucket),
+	}
+
+	go result.cleanupThread(ctx)
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (Factory) Valid(data json.RawMessage) error {
+	var config Config
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &config); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := config.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Config struct {
+	Path   string `json:"path"`
+	Bucket string `json:"bucket,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (c Config) Valid() error {
+	var errs []error
+
+	if c.Path == "" {
+		errs = append(errs, ErrMissingPath)
+	} else {
+		dir := filepath.Dir(c.Path)
+		if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, ".test-file"), []byte(""), 0600); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, ErrCantWriteToPath)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(errs) != 0 {
+		return errors.Join(errs...)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/lib/store/bbolt/factory_test.go
+++ b/lib/store/bbolt/factory_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package bbolt
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestFactoryValid(t *testing.T) {
+	f := Factory{}
+
+	t.Run("bad config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		if err := f.Valid(json.RawMessage(`}`)); err == nil {
+			t.Error("wanted parsing failure but got a successful result")
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("invalid config", func(t *testing.T) {
+		for _, tt := range []struct {
+			name string
+			cfg  Config
+			err  error
+		}{
+			{
+				name: "missing path",
+				cfg:  Config{},
+				err:  ErrMissingPath,
+			},
+			{
+				name: "unwritable folder",
+				cfg: Config{
+					Path: filepath.Join("/", "testdb"),
+				},
+				err: ErrCantWriteToPath,
+			},
+		} {
+			t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+				data, err := json.Marshal(tt.cfg)
+				if err != nil {
+					t.Fatal(err)
+				}
+
+				if err := f.Valid(json.RawMessage(data)); !errors.Is(err, tt.err) {
+					t.Error(err)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+	})
+}
--- a/lib/store/interface.go
+++ b/lib/store/interface.go
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrNotFound is returned when the store implementation cannot find the value
+	// for a given key.
+	ErrNotFound = errors.New("store: key not found")
+
+	// ErrCantDecode is returned when a store adaptor cannot decode the store format
+	// to a value used by the code.
+	ErrCantDecode = errors.New("store: can't decode value")
+
+	// ErrCantEncode is returned when a store adaptor cannot encode the value into
+	// the format that the store uses.
+	ErrCantEncode = errors.New("store: can't encode value")
+
+	// ErrBadConfig is returned when a store adaptor's configuration is invalid.
+	ErrBadConfig = errors.New("store: configuration is invalid")
+)
+
+// Interface defines the calls that Anubis uses for storage in a local or remote
+// datastore. This can be implemented with an in-memory, on-disk, or in-database
+// storage backend.
+type Interface interface {
+	// Delete removes a value from the store by key.
+	Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error
+
+	// Get returns the value of a key assuming that value exists and has not expired.
+	Get(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// Set puts a value into the store that expires according to its expiry.
+	Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value []byte, expiry time.Duration) error
+}
+
+func z[T any]() T { return *new(T) }
+
+type JSON[T any] struct {
+	Underlying Interface
+}
+
+func (j *JSON[T]) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	return j.Underlying.Delete(ctx, key)
+}
+
+func (j *JSON[T]) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) (T, error) {
+	data, err := j.Underlying.Get(ctx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		return z[T](), err
+	}
+
+	var result T
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &result); err != nil {
+		return z[T](), fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCantDecode, err)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (j *JSON[T]) Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value T, expiry time.Duration) error {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(value)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", ErrCantEncode, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := j.Underlying.Set(ctx, key, data, expiry); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/lib/store/memory/memory.go
+++ b/lib/store/memory/memory.go
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package memory
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/decaymap"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+)
+
+type factory struct{}
+
+func (factory) Build(ctx context.Context, _ json.RawMessage) (store.Interface, error) {
+	return New(ctx), nil
+}
+
+func (factory) Valid(json.RawMessage) error { return nil }
+
+func init() {
+	store.Register("memory", factory{})
+}
+
+type impl struct {
+	store *decaymap.Impl[string, []byte]
+}
+
+func (i *impl) Delete(_ context.Context, key string) error {
+	if !i.store.Delete(key) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", store.ErrNotFound, key)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *impl) Get(_ context.Context, key string) ([]byte, error) {
+	result, ok := i.store.Get(key)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %q", store.ErrNotFound, key)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func (i *impl) Set(_ context.Context, key string, value []byte, expiry time.Duration) error {
+	i.store.Set(key, value, expiry)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (i *impl) cleanupThread(ctx context.Context) {
+	t := time.NewTicker(5 * time.Minute)
+	defer t.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-t.C:
+			i.store.Cleanup()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// New creates a simple in-memory store. This will not scale to multiple Anubis instances.
+func New(ctx context.Context) store.Interface {
+	result := &impl{
+		store: decaymap.New[string, []byte](),
+	}
+
+	go result.cleanupThread(ctx)
+
+	return result
+}
--- a/lib/store/memory/memory_test.go
+++ b/lib/store/memory/memory_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package memory
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/storetest"
+)
+
+func TestImpl(t *testing.T) {
+	storetest.Common(t, factory{}, nil)
+}
--- a/lib/store/registry.go
+++ b/lib/store/registry.go
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package store
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+var (
+	registry map[string]Factory = map[string]Factory{}
+	regLock  sync.RWMutex
+)
+
+type Factory interface {
+	Build(ctx context.Context, config json.RawMessage) (Interface, error)
+	Valid(config json.RawMessage) error
+}
+
+func Register(name string, impl Factory) {
+	regLock.Lock()
+	defer regLock.Unlock()
+
+	registry[name] = impl
+}
+
+func Get(name string) (Factory, bool) {
+	regLock.RLock()
+	defer regLock.RUnlock()
+	result, ok := registry[name]
+	return result, ok
+}
+
+func Methods() []string {
+	regLock.RLock()
+	defer regLock.RUnlock()
+	var result []string
+	for method := range registry {
+		result = append(result, method)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(result)
+	return result
+}
--- a/lib/store/storetest/storetest.go
+++ b/lib/store/storetest/storetest.go
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+package storetest
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+)
+
+func Common(t *testing.T, f store.Factory, config json.RawMessage) {
+	if err := f.Valid(config); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	s, err := f.Build(t.Context(), config)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range []struct {
+		name string
+		doer func(t *testing.T, s store.Interface) error
+		err  error
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "basic get set delete",
+			doer: func(t *testing.T, s store.Interface) error {
+				if _, err := s.Get(t.Context(), t.Name()); !errors.Is(err, store.ErrNotFound) {
+					t.Errorf("wanted %s to not exist in store but it exists anyways", t.Name())
+				}
+
+				if err := s.Set(t.Context(), t.Name(), []byte(t.Name()), 5*time.Minute); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				val, err := s.Get(t.Context(), t.Name())
+				if errors.Is(err, store.ErrNotFound) {
+					t.Errorf("wanted %s to exist in store but it does not", t.Name())
+				}
+
+				if !bytes.Equal(val, []byte(t.Name())) {
+					t.Logf("want: %q", t.Name())
+					t.Logf("got:  %q", string(val))
+					t.Error("wrong value returned")
+				}
+
+				if err := s.Delete(t.Context(), t.Name()); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				if _, err := s.Get(t.Context(), t.Name()); !errors.Is(err, store.ErrNotFound) {
+					t.Error("wanted test to not exist in store but it exists anyways")
+				}
+
+				if err := s.Delete(t.Context(), t.Name()); err == nil {
+					t.Errorf("key %q does not exist and Delete did not return non-nil", t.Name())
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "expires",
+			doer: func(t *testing.T, s store.Interface) error {
+				if err := s.Set(t.Context(), t.Name(), []byte(t.Name()), 150*time.Millisecond); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+
+				//nosleep:bypass XXX(Xe): use Go's time faking thing in Go 1.25 when that is released.
+				time.Sleep(155 * time.Millisecond)
+
+				if _, err := s.Get(t.Context(), t.Name()); !errors.Is(err, store.ErrNotFound) {
+					t.Errorf("wanted %s to not exist in store but it exists anyways", t.Name())
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if err := tt.doer(t, s); !errors.Is(err, tt.err) {
+				t.Logf("want: %v", tt.err)
+				t.Logf("got:  %v", err)
+				t.Error("wrong error")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/lib/store/valkey/factory.go
+++ b/lib/store/valkey/factory.go
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package valkey
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	valkey "github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrNoURL  = errors.New("valkey.Config: no URL defined")
+	ErrBadURL = errors.New("valkey.Config: URL is invalid")
+)
+
+func init() {
+	store.Register("valkey", Factory{})
+}
+
+type Factory struct{}
+
+func (Factory) Build(ctx context.Context, data json.RawMessage) (store.Interface, error) {
+	var config Config
+
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &config); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := config.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	opts, err := valkey.ParseURL(config.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	rdb := valkey.NewClient(opts)
+
+	if _, err := rdb.Ping(ctx).Result(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't ping valkey instance: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &Store{
+		rdb: rdb,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (Factory) Valid(data json.RawMessage) error {
+	var config Config
+	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(data), &config); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	if err := config.Valid(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrBadConfig, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+type Config struct {
+	URL string `json:"url"`
+}
+
+func (c Config) Valid() error {
+	var errs []error
+
+	if c.URL == "" {
+		errs = append(errs, ErrNoURL)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := valkey.ParseURL(c.URL); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, ErrBadURL)
+	}
+
+	if len(errs) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("valkey.Config: invalid config: %w", errors.Join(errs...))
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/lib/store/valkey/valkey.go
+++ b/lib/store/valkey/valkey.go
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+package valkey
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store"
+	valkey "github.com/redis/go-redis/v9"
+)
+
+type Store struct {
+	rdb *valkey.Client
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Delete(ctx context.Context, key string) error {
+	n, err := s.rdb.Del(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't delete from valkey: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	switch n {
+	case 0:
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d key(s) deleted", store.ErrNotFound, n)
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Get(ctx context.Context, key string) ([]byte, error) {
+	result, err := s.rdb.Get(ctx, key).Result()
+	if err != nil {
+		if valkey.HasErrorPrefix(err, "redis: nil") {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %w", store.ErrNotFound, err)
+		}
+
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can't fetch from valkey: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return []byte(result), nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) Set(ctx context.Context, key string, value []byte, expiry time.Duration) error {
+	if _, err := s.rdb.Set(ctx, key, string(value), expiry).Result(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("can't set %q in valkey: %w", key, err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
--- a/lib/store/valkey/valkey_test.go
+++ b/lib/store/valkey/valkey_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package valkey
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/internal"
+	"github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/lib/store/storetest"
+	"github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go"
+	"github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-go/wait"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	internal.UnbreakDocker()
+}
+
+func TestImpl(t *testing.T) {
+	if os.Getenv("DONT_USE_NETWORK") != "" {
+		t.Skip("test requires network egress")
+		return
+	}
+
+	testcontainers.SkipIfProviderIsNotHealthy(t)
+
+	req := testcontainers.ContainerRequest{
+		Image:      "valkey/valkey:8",
+		WaitingFor: wait.ForLog("Ready to accept connections"),
+	}
+	valkeyC, err := testcontainers.GenericContainer(t.Context(), testcontainers.GenericContainerRequest{
+		ContainerRequest: req,
+		Started:          true,
+	})
+	testcontainers.CleanupContainer(t, valkeyC)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	containerIP, err := valkeyC.ContainerIP(t.Context())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	data, err := json.Marshal(Config{
+		URL: fmt.Sprintf("redis://%s:6379/0", containerIP),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	storetest.Common(t, Factory{}, json.RawMessage(data))
+}