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Update/extend benchmarks
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Marcus Holland-Moritz
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README.md
206
README.md
@ -290,36 +290,36 @@ SquashFS that is the default setting for DwarFS:
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For DwarFS, I'm sticking to the defaults:
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$ time ./mkdwarfs -i install -o perl-install.dwarfs
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02:48:48.592349 scanning install
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02:49:00.603961 waiting for background scanners...
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02:50:18.391026 assigning directory and link inodes...
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02:50:18.736203 finding duplicate files...
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02:50:28.618659 saved 28.2 GiB / 47.65 GiB in 1782826/1927501 duplicate files
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02:50:28.618742 ordering 144675 inodes by similarity...
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02:50:29.196793 144675 inodes ordered [578ms]
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02:50:29.196877 assigning file inodes...
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02:50:29.199317 building metadata...
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02:50:29.199403 building blocks...
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02:50:29.199450 saving names and links...
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02:50:29.702547 updating name and link indices...
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03:03:45.892033 waiting for block compression to finish...
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03:03:45.897608 saving chunks...
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03:03:45.924720 saving directories...
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03:03:49.809202 waiting for compression to finish...
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03:04:31.251687 compressed 47.65 GiB to 555.7 MiB (ratio=0.0113884)
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03:04:31.737918 filesystem created without errors [943.1s]
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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$ time mkdwarfs -i install -o perl-install.dwarfs
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23:37:00.024298 scanning install
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23:37:12.510322 waiting for background scanners...
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23:38:09.725996 assigning directory and link inodes...
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23:38:10.059963 finding duplicate files...
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23:38:19.932928 saved 28.2 GiB / 47.65 GiB in 1782826/1927501 duplicate files
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23:38:19.933010 ordering 144675 inodes by similarity...
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23:38:20.503470 144675 inodes ordered [570.4ms]
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23:38:20.503531 assigning file inodes...
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23:38:20.505981 building metadata...
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23:38:20.506093 building blocks...
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23:38:20.506160 saving names and links...
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23:38:20.995777 updating name and link indices...
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23:51:26.991376 waiting for block compression to finish...
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23:51:26.991557 saving chunks...
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23:51:27.017126 saving directories...
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23:51:30.557777 waiting for compression to finish...
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23:52:11.527350 compressed 47.65 GiB to 555.7 MiB (ratio=0.0113884)
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23:52:12.026071 filesystem created without errors [912s]
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⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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waiting for block compression to finish
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scanned/found: 330733/330733 dirs, 0/0 links, 1927501/1927501 files
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original size: 47.65 GiB, dedupe: 28.2 GiB (1782826 files), segment: 12.42 GiB
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filesystem: 7.027 GiB in 450 blocks (754024 chunks, 144675/144675 inodes)
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compressed filesystem: 450 blocks/555.7 MiB written
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|=============================================================================|
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███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏100% -
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real 15m43.302s
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user 115m10.704s
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sys 2m56.544s
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real 15m12.095s
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user 116m52.351s
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sys 2m36.983s
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So in this comparison, `mkdwarfs` is more than 4 times faster than `mksquashfs`.
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In total CPU time, it's actually 7 times less CPU resources.
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@ -338,15 +338,13 @@ fast experimentation with different algorithms and options without requiring
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a full rebuild of the file system. For example, recompressing the above file
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system with the best possible compression (`-l 9`):
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$ time ./mkdwarfs --recompress -i perl-install.dwarfs -o perl-lzma.dwarfs -l 9
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03:18:44.670116 filesystem rewritten [659.4s]
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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scanned/found: 0/0 dirs, 0/0 links, 0/0 files
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original size: 47.65 GiB, dedupe: 0 B (0 files), segment: 0 B
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filesystem: 7.027 GiB in 450 blocks (0 chunks, 0/0 inodes)
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compressed filesystem: 450 blocks/457.5 MiB written
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|============================================================ |
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$ time mkdwarfs --recompress -i perl-install.dwarfs -o perl-lzma.dwarfs -l 9
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00:08:20.764694 filesystem rewritten [659.4s]
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⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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filesystem: 7.027 GiB in 450 blocks (0 chunks, 0 inodes)
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compressed filesystem: 450/450 blocks/457.5 MiB written
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█████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏100% /
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real 10m59.538s
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user 120m51.326s
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@ -520,3 +518,145 @@ So, frankly, not much of a difference. The `dwarfs` process itself used:
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So again, DwarFS used less raw CPU power, but in terms of wallclock time,
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the difference is really marginal.
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### With SquashFS & xz
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This test uses slightly less pathological input data: the root filesystem of
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a recent Raspberry Pi OS release.
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$ time mkdwarfs -i raspbian -o raspbian.dwarfs
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23:25:14.256884 scanning raspbian
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23:25:14.598902 waiting for background scanners...
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23:25:16.285708 assigning directory and link inodes...
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23:25:16.300842 finding duplicate files...
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23:25:16.323520 saved 31.05 MiB / 1007 MiB in 1617/34582 duplicate files
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23:25:16.323602 ordering 32965 inodes by similarity...
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23:25:16.341961 32965 inodes ordered [18.29ms]
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23:25:16.342042 assigning file inodes...
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23:25:16.342326 building metadata...
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23:25:16.342426 building blocks...
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23:25:16.342470 saving names and links...
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23:25:16.374943 updating name and link indices...
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23:26:34.547856 waiting for block compression to finish...
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23:26:34.548018 saving chunks...
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23:26:34.552481 saving directories...
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23:26:34.677199 waiting for compression to finish...
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23:26:51.034506 compressed 1007 MiB to 297.3 MiB (ratio=0.295318)
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23:26:51.063847 filesystem created without errors [96.81s]
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⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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waiting for block compression to finish
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scanned/found: 4435/4435 dirs, 5908/5908 links, 34582/34582 files
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original size: 1007 MiB, dedupe: 31.05 MiB (1617 files), segment: 52.66 MiB
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filesystem: 923 MiB in 58 blocks (46074 chunks, 32965/32965 inodes)
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compressed filesystem: 58 blocks/297.3 MiB written
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███████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏100% -
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real 1m36.865s
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user 14m52.770s
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sys 0m16.615s
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Again, SquashFS uses the same compression options:
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$ time mksquashfs raspbian raspbian.squashfs -comp zstd -Xcompression-level 22
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Parallel mksquashfs: Using 12 processors
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Creating 4.0 filesystem on raspbian.squashfs, block size 131072.
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[===============================================================/] 38644/38644 100%
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Exportable Squashfs 4.0 filesystem, zstd compressed, data block size 131072
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compressed data, compressed metadata, compressed fragments,
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compressed xattrs, compressed ids
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duplicates are removed
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Filesystem size 371931.65 Kbytes (363.21 Mbytes)
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36.89% of uncompressed filesystem size (1008353.15 Kbytes)
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Inode table size 398565 bytes (389.22 Kbytes)
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26.61% of uncompressed inode table size (1497593 bytes)
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Directory table size 408794 bytes (399.21 Kbytes)
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42.28% of uncompressed directory table size (966980 bytes)
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Number of duplicate files found 1145
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Number of inodes 44459
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Number of files 34109
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Number of fragments 3290
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Number of symbolic links 5908
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Number of device nodes 7
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Number of fifo nodes 0
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Number of socket nodes 0
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Number of directories 4435
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Number of ids (unique uids + gids) 18
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Number of uids 5
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root (0)
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mhx (1000)
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logitechmediaserver (103)
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shutdown (6)
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x2goprint (106)
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Number of gids 15
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root (0)
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unknown (109)
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unknown (42)
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unknown (1000)
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users (100)
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unknown (43)
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tty (5)
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unknown (108)
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unknown (111)
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unknown (110)
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unknown (50)
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mail (12)
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nobody (65534)
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adm (4)
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mem (8)
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real 1m54.673s
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user 18m32.152s
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sys 0m2.501s
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The difference in speed is almost negligible. SquashFS is just a bit
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slower here. In terms of compression, the difference also isn't huge:
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$ ll raspbian.* *.xz -h
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-rw-r--r-- 1 mhx users 298M Nov 29 23:26 raspbian.dwarfs
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-rw-r--r-- 1 mhx users 364M Nov 29 23:31 raspbian.squashfs
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-rw-r--r-- 1 mhx users 297M Aug 20 12:47 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.img.xz
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Interestingly, `xz` actually can't compress the whole original image
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much better.
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We can again try to increase the DwarFS compression level:
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$ time mkdwarfs -i raspbian.dwarfs -o raspbian-9.dwarfs -l 9 --recompress
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23:54:59.981488 filesystem rewritten [86.04s]
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⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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filesystem: 923 MiB in 58 blocks (0 chunks, 0 inodes)
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compressed filesystem: 58/58 blocks/266.5 MiB written
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██████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████████▏100% |
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real 1m26.084s
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user 15m46.619s
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sys 0m14.543s
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Now that actually gets the DwarFS image size well below that of the
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`xz` archive:
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$ ll -h raspbian-9.dwarfs *.xz
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 267M Nov 29 23:54 raspbian-9.dwarfs
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-rw-r--r-- 1 mhx users 297M Aug 20 12:47 2020-08-20-raspios-buster-armhf-lite.img.xz
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However, if you actually build a tarball and compress that (instead of
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compressing the EXT4 file system), `xz` is, unsurprisingly, able to take
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the lead again:
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$ time sudo tar cf - raspbian | xz -9e -vT 0 >raspbian.tar.xz
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100 % 245.9 MiB / 1,012.3 MiB = 0.243 5.4 MiB/s 3:07
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real 3m8.088s
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user 14m16.519s
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sys 0m5.843s
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$ ll -h raspbian.tar.xz
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-rw-r--r-- 1 mhx users 246M Nov 30 00:16 raspbian.tar.xz
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In summary, DwarFS can get pretty close to an `xz` compressed tarball
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in terms of size. It's also about twice as fast to build the file
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system than to build the tarball. At the same time, SquashFS really
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isn't that much worse. It's really the cases where you *know* upfront
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that your data is highly redundant where DwarFS can play out its full
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strength.
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