From c8bfc821405d94313bffa038d5759f9bf88372b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Marcus Holland-Moritz <github@mhxnet.de>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 12:18:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] refactor: internal namespace cleanup

---
 .../detail/multi_queue_block_merger_impl.h    |   3 +-
 include/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h     |   3 +-
 include/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h         |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/block_range.cpp                    |   1 +
 src/dwarfs/builtin_script.cpp                 |   8 +-
 src/dwarfs/categorizer.cpp                    | 128 ++++++++---------
 src/dwarfs/conv.cpp                           |   6 +-
 src/dwarfs/entry.cpp                          |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/file_scanner.cpp                   |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.cpp           |  13 +-
 src/dwarfs/filesystem_v2.cpp                  |  49 ++++---
 src/dwarfs/filesystem_writer.cpp              | 131 +++++++++---------
 src/dwarfs/inode_manager.cpp                  |  31 +++--
 src/dwarfs/inode_ordering.cpp                 |  25 ++--
 src/dwarfs/internal/block_cache.cpp           |   7 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/cached_block.cpp          |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.cpp     |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.cpp       |   7 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.cpp        |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.cpp           |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/internal/worker_group.cpp          |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/metadata_types.cpp                 |   3 +-
 src/dwarfs/performance_monitor.cpp            |   6 +-
 src/dwarfs/scanner.cpp                        |  52 +++----
 src/dwarfs/segmenter.cpp                      |  30 ++--
 src/dwarfs/segmenter_factory.cpp              |  10 +-
 src/dwarfs/similarity_ordering.cpp            |  13 +-
 src/dwarfs/thread_pool.cpp                    |   3 +-
 test/block_cache_test.cpp                     |   3 +-
 test/segmenter_benchmark.cpp                  |   5 +-
 test/utils_test.cpp                           |   3 +-
 31 files changed, 307 insertions(+), 257 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/dwarfs/internal/detail/multi_queue_block_merger_impl.h b/include/dwarfs/internal/detail/multi_queue_block_merger_impl.h
index 435fbb1f..445a9912 100644
--- a/include/dwarfs/internal/detail/multi_queue_block_merger_impl.h
+++ b/include/dwarfs/internal/detail/multi_queue_block_merger_impl.h
@@ -40,9 +40,10 @@
 #include <range/v3/view/join.hpp>
 #include <range/v3/view/transform.hpp>
 
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_merger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/terminal.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_merger.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal::detail {
 
 template <typename SourceT, typename BlockT, typename BlockPolicy>
diff --git a/include/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h b/include/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h
index 2a3af18c..6bf80b20 100644
--- a/include/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h
+++ b/include/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@
 #include <folly/Expected.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/block_range.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
 #include <dwarfs/types.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
 struct cache_tidy_config;
diff --git a/include/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h b/include/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h
index d4ac5202..807c7c51 100644
--- a/include/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h
+++ b/include/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h
@@ -34,9 +34,10 @@
 
 #include <nlohmann/json.hpp>
 
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
 #include <dwarfs/metadata_types.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
 class logger;
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/block_range.cpp b/src/dwarfs/block_range.cpp
index 0aa3c1a8..f0ee3889 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/block_range.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/block_range.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <dwarfs/block_range.h>
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
 
 namespace dwarfs {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/builtin_script.cpp b/src/dwarfs/builtin_script.cpp
index fb83f623..bec7c42f 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/builtin_script.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/builtin_script.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 struct filter_rule {
   enum class rule_type {
     include,
@@ -280,10 +282,12 @@ void builtin_script_<LoggerPolicy>::transform(entry_interface& ei) {
   }
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 builtin_script::builtin_script(logger& lgr,
                                std::shared_ptr<file_access const> fa)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, builtin_script_, logger_policies>(
-          lgr, std::move(fa))) {}
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::builtin_script_,
+                                       logger_policies>(lgr, std::move(fa))) {}
 
 builtin_script::~builtin_script() = default;
 
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/categorizer.cpp b/src/dwarfs/categorizer.cpp
index a09f04c2..5840adbd 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/categorizer.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/categorizer.cpp
@@ -39,59 +39,10 @@
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 using namespace std::placeholders;
 
-namespace po = boost::program_options;
-
-std::string category_prefix(std::shared_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
-                            fragment_category cat) {
-  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
-}
-
-std::string category_prefix(std::unique_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
-                            fragment_category cat) {
-  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
-}
-
-std::string category_prefix(std::shared_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
-                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
-  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
-}
-
-std::string category_prefix(std::unique_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
-                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
-  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
-}
-
-std::string category_prefix(categorizer_manager const* mgr,
-                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
-  return category_prefix(mgr, fragment_category(cat));
-}
-
-std::string
-category_prefix(categorizer_manager const* mgr, fragment_category cat) {
-  std::string prefix;
-  if (mgr) {
-    prefix = fmt::format(
-        "[{}{}] ", mgr->category_name(cat.value()),
-        cat.has_subcategory() ? fmt::format("/{}", cat.subcategory()) : "");
-  }
-  return prefix;
-}
-
-std::string
-categorizer::category_metadata(std::string_view, fragment_category) const {
-  return std::string();
-}
-
-void categorizer::set_metadata_requirements(std::string_view,
-                                            std::string requirements) {
-  if (!requirements.empty()) {
-    compression_metadata_requirements().parse(
-        nlohmann::json::parse(requirements));
-  }
-}
-
 class categorizer_manager_private : public categorizer_manager::impl {
  public:
   virtual std::vector<std::shared_ptr<categorizer>> const&
@@ -213,11 +164,6 @@ bool categorizer_job_<LoggerPolicy>::best_result_found() const {
   return is_global_best_;
 }
 
-categorizer_job::categorizer_job() = default;
-
-categorizer_job::categorizer_job(std::unique_ptr<impl> impl)
-    : impl_{std::move(impl)} {}
-
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class categorizer_manager_ final : public categorizer_manager_private {
  public:
@@ -278,10 +224,6 @@ class categorizer_manager_ final : public categorizer_manager_private {
   std::unordered_map<std::string_view, fragment_category::value_type> catmap_;
 };
 
-fragment_category categorizer_manager::default_category() {
-  return fragment_category(0);
-}
-
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void categorizer_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::add(std::shared_ptr<categorizer> c) {
   for (auto const& cat : c->categories()) {
@@ -354,10 +296,72 @@ bool categorizer_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::deterministic_less(
   return categorizer->subcategory_less(a, b);
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+std::string category_prefix(std::shared_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
+                            fragment_category cat) {
+  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
+}
+
+std::string category_prefix(std::unique_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
+                            fragment_category cat) {
+  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
+}
+
+std::string category_prefix(std::shared_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
+                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
+  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
+}
+
+std::string category_prefix(std::unique_ptr<categorizer_manager> const& mgr,
+                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
+  return category_prefix(mgr.get(), cat);
+}
+
+std::string category_prefix(categorizer_manager const* mgr,
+                            fragment_category::value_type cat) {
+  return category_prefix(mgr, fragment_category(cat));
+}
+
+std::string
+category_prefix(categorizer_manager const* mgr, fragment_category cat) {
+  std::string prefix;
+  if (mgr) {
+    prefix = fmt::format(
+        "[{}{}] ", mgr->category_name(cat.value()),
+        cat.has_subcategory() ? fmt::format("/{}", cat.subcategory()) : "");
+  }
+  return prefix;
+}
+
+std::string
+categorizer::category_metadata(std::string_view, fragment_category) const {
+  return std::string();
+}
+
+void categorizer::set_metadata_requirements(std::string_view,
+                                            std::string requirements) {
+  if (!requirements.empty()) {
+    compression_metadata_requirements().parse(
+        nlohmann::json::parse(requirements));
+  }
+}
+
+categorizer_job::categorizer_job() = default;
+
+categorizer_job::categorizer_job(std::unique_ptr<impl> impl)
+    : impl_{std::move(impl)} {}
+
 categorizer_manager::categorizer_manager(logger& lgr)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, categorizer_manager_,
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::categorizer_manager_,
                                        logger_policies>(lgr)) {}
 
+fragment_category categorizer_manager::default_category() {
+  return fragment_category(0);
+}
+
 categorizer_registry& categorizer_registry::instance() {
   static categorizer_registry the_instance;
   return the_instance;
@@ -369,7 +373,7 @@ void categorizer_registry::register_factory(
 
   if (!factories_.emplace(name, std::move(factory)).second) {
     std::cerr << "categorizer factory name conflict (" << name << "\n";
-    ::abort();
+    std::abort();
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/conv.cpp b/src/dwarfs/conv.cpp
index d58a9ffb..8786675c 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/conv.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/conv.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@
 
 #include <dwarfs/conv.h>
 
-namespace dwarfs {
-namespace detail {
+namespace dwarfs::detail {
 
 std::optional<bool> str_to_bool(std::string_view s) {
   if (auto r = folly::tryTo<bool>(s)) {
@@ -33,5 +32,4 @@ std::optional<bool> str_to_bool(std::string_view s) {
   return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-} // namespace detail
-} // namespace dwarfs
+} // namespace dwarfs::detail
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/entry.cpp b/src/dwarfs/entry.cpp
index 2cc8be8d..2b870aa0 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/entry.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/entry.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
 #include <dwarfs/file_type.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
 #include <dwarfs/nilsimsa.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
@@ -39,6 +38,8 @@
 #include <dwarfs/scanner_progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_types.h>
 
 namespace dwarfs {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/file_scanner.cpp b/src/dwarfs/file_scanner.cpp
index b2085acc..9bdb1b67 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/file_scanner.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/file_scanner.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/format.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_manager.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
@@ -46,6 +45,8 @@
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::detail {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.cpp b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.cpp
index 109ebb20..bafb9190 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.cpp
@@ -43,15 +43,18 @@
 #include <dwarfs/filesystem_extractor.h>
 #include <dwarfs/filesystem_v2.h>
 #include <dwarfs/fstypes.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/os_access.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 #include <dwarfs/vfs_stat.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 class cache_semaphore {
@@ -242,7 +245,7 @@ bool filesystem_extractor_<LoggerPolicy>::extract(
 
   ::archive_entry* spare = nullptr;
 
-  internal::worker_group archiver(LOG_GET_LOGGER, os_, "archiver", 1);
+  worker_group archiver(LOG_GET_LOGGER, os_, "archiver", 1);
   cache_semaphore sem;
 
   LOG_DEBUG << "extractor semaphore size: " << opts.max_queued_bytes
@@ -423,9 +426,11 @@ bool filesystem_extractor_<LoggerPolicy>::extract(
   return true;
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 filesystem_extractor::filesystem_extractor(logger& lgr, os_access const& os)
     : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<filesystem_extractor::impl,
-                                       filesystem_extractor_, logger_policies>(
-          lgr, os)) {}
+                                       internal::filesystem_extractor_,
+                                       logger_policies>(lgr, os)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_v2.cpp b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_v2.cpp
index d1e9f2fb..7da18596 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_v2.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_v2.cpp
@@ -41,11 +41,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/fs_section.h>
 #include <dwarfs/fstypes.h>
 #include <dwarfs/history.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
@@ -53,8 +48,16 @@
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 void check_section_logger(logger& lgr, fs_section const& section) {
@@ -357,7 +360,7 @@ get_section_data(std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm, fs_section const& section,
   return buffer;
 }
 
-internal::metadata_v2
+metadata_v2
 make_metadata(logger& lgr, std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm,
               section_map const& sections, std::vector<uint8_t>& schema_buffer,
               std::vector<uint8_t>& meta_buffer,
@@ -408,13 +411,15 @@ make_metadata(logger& lgr, std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm,
     }
   }
 
-  return internal::metadata_v2(lgr,
-                               get_section_data(mm, schema_it->second.front(),
-                                                schema_buffer, force_buffers),
-                               meta_section_range, options, inode_offset,
-                               force_consistency_check, perfmon);
+  return metadata_v2(lgr,
+                     get_section_data(mm, schema_it->second.front(),
+                                      schema_buffer, force_buffers),
+                     meta_section_range, options, inode_offset,
+                     force_consistency_check, perfmon);
 }
 
+} // namespace
+
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class filesystem_ final : public filesystem_v2::impl {
  public:
@@ -497,8 +502,8 @@ class filesystem_ final : public filesystem_v2::impl {
   LOG_PROXY_DECL(LoggerPolicy);
   os_access const& os_;
   std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm_;
-  internal::metadata_v2 meta_;
-  internal::inode_reader_v2 ir_;
+  metadata_v2 meta_;
+  inode_reader_v2 ir_;
   mutable std::mutex mx_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> meta_buffer_;
   std::optional<std::span<uint8_t const>> header_;
@@ -610,7 +615,7 @@ filesystem_<LoggerPolicy>::filesystem_(
     PERFMON_CLS_TIMER_INIT(readv_future)
     PERFMON_CLS_TIMER_INIT(readv_future_throw) // clang-format on
 {
-  internal::block_cache cache(lgr, os_, mm_, options.block_cache, perfmon);
+  block_cache cache(lgr, os_, mm_, options.block_cache, perfmon);
   filesystem_parser parser(mm_, image_offset_);
 
   if (parser.has_index()) {
@@ -662,8 +667,7 @@ filesystem_<LoggerPolicy>::filesystem_(
 
   cache.set_block_size(meta_.block_size());
 
-  ir_ = internal::inode_reader_v2(lgr, std::move(cache), options.inode_reader,
-                                  perfmon);
+  ir_ = inode_reader_v2(lgr, std::move(cache), options.inode_reader, perfmon);
 
   if (auto it = sections.find(section_type::HISTORY); it != sections.end()) {
     for (auto& section : it->second) {
@@ -820,8 +824,7 @@ void filesystem_<LoggerPolicy>::rewrite(progress& prog,
                     << "), compressing using '"
                     << writer.get_compressor(s->type()).describe() << "'";
 
-        writer.write_history(
-            std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(hist.serialize()));
+        writer.write_history(std::make_shared<block_data>(hist.serialize()));
       } else {
         LOG_VERBOSE << "removing " << get_section_name(s->type());
       }
@@ -846,7 +849,7 @@ int filesystem_<LoggerPolicy>::check(filesystem_check_level level,
                                      size_t num_threads) const {
   filesystem_parser parser(mm_, image_offset_);
 
-  internal::worker_group wg(LOG_GET_LOGGER, os_, "fscheck", num_threads);
+  worker_group wg(LOG_GET_LOGGER, os_, "fscheck", num_threads);
   std::vector<std::future<fs_section>> sections;
 
   while (auto sp = parser.next_section()) {
@@ -1231,7 +1234,7 @@ filesystem_<LoggerPolicy>::header() const {
   return header_;
 }
 
-} // namespace
+} // namespace internal
 
 filesystem_v2::filesystem_v2(logger& lgr, os_access const& os,
                              std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm)
@@ -1241,8 +1244,8 @@ filesystem_v2::filesystem_v2(logger& lgr, os_access const& os,
                              std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm,
                              const filesystem_options& options,
                              std::shared_ptr<performance_monitor const> perfmon)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<filesystem_v2::impl, filesystem_,
-                                       logger_policies>(
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<filesystem_v2::impl,
+                                       internal::filesystem_, logger_policies>(
           lgr, os, std::move(mm), options, std::move(perfmon))) {}
 
 int filesystem_v2::identify(logger& lgr, os_access const& os,
@@ -1270,7 +1273,7 @@ filesystem_v2::header(std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm) {
 
 std::optional<std::span<uint8_t const>>
 filesystem_v2::header(std::shared_ptr<mmif> mm, file_off_t image_offset) {
-  return filesystem_parser(mm, image_offset).header();
+  return internal::filesystem_parser(mm, image_offset).header();
 }
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_writer.cpp b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_writer.cpp
index 8134a3fd..2164d126 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/filesystem_writer.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/filesystem_writer.cpp
@@ -38,16 +38,19 @@
 #include <dwarfs/compression_metadata_requirements.h>
 #include <dwarfs/filesystem_writer.h>
 #include <dwarfs/fstypes.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/multi_queue_block_merger.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/thread_pool.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/multi_queue_block_merger.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 size_t copy_stream(std::istream& is, std::ostream& os) {
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ class compression_progress : public progress::context {
 class fsblock {
  public:
   fsblock(section_type type, block_compressor const& bc,
-          std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+          std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
           std::shared_ptr<compression_progress> pctx,
           folly::Function<void(size_t)> set_block_cb = nullptr);
 
@@ -108,8 +111,8 @@ class fsblock {
           std::span<uint8_t const> data, compression_type data_comp_type,
           std::shared_ptr<compression_progress> pctx);
 
-  void compress(internal::worker_group& wg,
-                std::optional<std::string> meta = std::nullopt) {
+  void
+  compress(worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> meta = std::nullopt) {
     impl_->compress(wg, std::move(meta));
   }
   void wait_until_compressed() { impl_->wait_until_compressed(); }
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ class fsblock {
     virtual ~impl() = default;
 
     virtual void
-    compress(internal::worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> meta) = 0;
+    compress(worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> meta) = 0;
     virtual void wait_until_compressed() = 0;
     virtual section_type type() const = 0;
     virtual compression_type compression() const = 0;
@@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ class fsblock_merger_policy {
 class raw_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
  public:
   raw_fsblock(section_type type, const block_compressor& bc,
-              std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+              std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
               std::shared_ptr<compression_progress> pctx,
               folly::Function<void(size_t)> set_block_cb)
       : type_{type}
@@ -181,37 +184,34 @@ class raw_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
       , pctx_{std::move(pctx)}
       , set_block_cb_{std::move(set_block_cb)} {}
 
-  void compress(internal::worker_group& wg,
-                std::optional<std::string> meta) override {
+  void compress(worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> meta) override {
     std::promise<void> prom;
     future_ = prom.get_future();
 
-    wg.add_job(
-        [this, prom = std::move(prom), meta = std::move(meta)]() mutable {
-          try {
-            std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data> tmp;
+    wg.add_job([this, prom = std::move(prom),
+                meta = std::move(meta)]() mutable {
+      try {
+        std::shared_ptr<block_data> tmp;
 
-            if (meta) {
-              tmp = std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(
-                  bc_.compress(data_->vec(), *meta));
-            } else {
-              tmp = std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(
-                  bc_.compress(data_->vec()));
-            }
+        if (meta) {
+          tmp = std::make_shared<block_data>(bc_.compress(data_->vec(), *meta));
+        } else {
+          tmp = std::make_shared<block_data>(bc_.compress(data_->vec()));
+        }
 
-            pctx_->bytes_in += data_->vec().size();
-            pctx_->bytes_out += tmp->vec().size();
+        pctx_->bytes_in += data_->vec().size();
+        pctx_->bytes_out += tmp->vec().size();
 
-            {
-              std::lock_guard lock(mx_);
-              data_.swap(tmp);
-            }
-          } catch (bad_compression_ratio_error const&) {
-            comp_type_ = compression_type::NONE;
-          }
+        {
+          std::lock_guard lock(mx_);
+          data_.swap(tmp);
+        }
+      } catch (bad_compression_ratio_error const&) {
+        comp_type_ = compression_type::NONE;
+      }
 
-          prom.set_value();
-        });
+      prom.set_value();
+    });
   }
 
   void wait_until_compressed() override { future_.wait(); }
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ class raw_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
   block_compressor const& bc_;
   const size_t uncompressed_size_;
   mutable std::recursive_mutex mx_;
-  std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data> data_;
+  std::shared_ptr<block_data> data_;
   std::future<void> future_;
   std::optional<uint32_t> number_;
   std::optional<section_header_v2> mutable header_;
@@ -289,8 +289,8 @@ class compressed_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
       , pctx_{std::move(pctx)}
       , sec_{std::move(sec)} {}
 
-  void compress(internal::worker_group& wg,
-                std::optional<std::string> /* meta */) override {
+  void
+  compress(worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> /* meta */) override {
     std::promise<void> prom;
     future_ = prom.get_future();
 
@@ -346,8 +346,7 @@ class rewritten_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
       , pctx_{std::move(pctx)}
       , data_comp_type_{data_comp_type} {}
 
-  void compress(internal::worker_group& wg,
-                std::optional<std::string> meta) override {
+  void compress(worker_group& wg, std::optional<std::string> meta) override {
     std::promise<void> prom;
     future_ = prom.get_future();
 
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ class rewritten_fsblock : public fsblock::impl {
 };
 
 fsblock::fsblock(section_type type, block_compressor const& bc,
-                 std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+                 std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
                  std::shared_ptr<compression_progress> pctx,
                  folly::Function<void(size_t)> set_block_cb)
     : impl_(std::make_unique<raw_fsblock>(type, bc, std::move(data),
@@ -514,12 +513,14 @@ void fsblock::build_section_header(section_header_v2& sh,
   DWARFS_CHECK(sha.finalize(&sh.sha2_512_256), "SHA512/256 checksum failed");
 }
 
+} // namespace
+
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class filesystem_writer_ final : public filesystem_writer::impl {
  public:
   using physical_block_cb_type = filesystem_writer::physical_block_cb_type;
 
-  filesystem_writer_(logger& lgr, std::ostream& os, internal::worker_group& wg,
+  filesystem_writer_(logger& lgr, std::ostream& os, worker_group& wg,
                      progress& prog, block_compressor const& schema_bc,
                      block_compressor const& metadata_bc,
                      block_compressor const& history_bc,
@@ -539,18 +540,16 @@ class filesystem_writer_ final : public filesystem_writer::impl {
   void configure(std::vector<fragment_category> const& expected_categories,
                  size_t max_active_slots) override;
   void copy_header(std::span<uint8_t const> header) override;
-  void write_block(fragment_category cat,
-                   std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+  void write_block(fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
                    physical_block_cb_type physical_block_cb,
                    std::optional<std::string> meta) override;
   void finish_category(fragment_category cat) override;
   void write_block(fragment_category::value_type cat,
-                   std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+                   std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
                    std::optional<std::string> meta) override;
-  void write_metadata_v2_schema(
-      std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) override;
-  void write_metadata_v2(std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) override;
-  void write_history(std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) override;
+  void write_metadata_v2_schema(std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) override;
+  void write_metadata_v2(std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) override;
+  void write_history(std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) override;
   void check_block_compression(
       compression_type compression, std::span<uint8_t const> data,
       std::optional<fragment_category::value_type> cat) override;
@@ -563,20 +562,19 @@ class filesystem_writer_ final : public filesystem_writer::impl {
   size_t size() const override { return image_size_; }
 
  private:
-  using block_merger_type = internal::multi_queue_block_merger<
-      fragment_category, std::unique_ptr<fsblock>, fsblock_merger_policy>;
+  using block_merger_type =
+      multi_queue_block_merger<fragment_category, std::unique_ptr<fsblock>,
+                               fsblock_merger_policy>;
   using block_holder_type = block_merger_type::block_holder_type;
 
   block_compressor const&
   compressor_for_category(fragment_category::value_type cat) const;
   void
-  write_block_impl(fragment_category cat,
-                   std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+  write_block_impl(fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
                    block_compressor const& bc, std::optional<std::string> meta,
                    physical_block_cb_type physical_block_cb);
   void on_block_merged(block_holder_type holder);
-  void write_section_impl(section_type type,
-                          std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+  void write_section_impl(section_type type, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
                           block_compressor const& bc,
                           std::optional<std::string> meta = std::nullopt);
   void write(fsblock const& fsb);
@@ -592,7 +590,7 @@ class filesystem_writer_ final : public filesystem_writer::impl {
   std::ostream& os_;
   size_t image_size_{0};
   std::istream* header_;
-  internal::worker_group& wg_;
+  worker_group& wg_;
   progress& prog_;
   std::optional<block_compressor> default_bc_;
   std::unordered_map<fragment_category::value_type, block_compressor> bc_;
@@ -617,7 +615,7 @@ class filesystem_writer_ final : public filesystem_writer::impl {
 //       into something that gets passed a (section_type, category) pair?
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::filesystem_writer_(
-    logger& lgr, std::ostream& os, internal::worker_group& wg, progress& prog,
+    logger& lgr, std::ostream& os, worker_group& wg, progress& prog,
     block_compressor const& schema_bc, block_compressor const& metadata_bc,
     block_compressor const& history_bc,
     filesystem_writer_options const& options, std::istream* header)
@@ -776,7 +774,7 @@ filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::compressor_for_category(
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_block_impl(
-    fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+    fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
     block_compressor const& bc, std::optional<std::string> meta,
     physical_block_cb_type physical_block_cb) {
   if (!merger_) {
@@ -837,7 +835,7 @@ void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::finish_category(fragment_category cat) {
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_section_impl(
-    section_type type, std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+    section_type type, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
     block_compressor const& bc, std::optional<std::string> meta) {
   uint32_t number;
 
@@ -1023,7 +1021,7 @@ void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::copy_header(
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_block(
-    fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+    fragment_category cat, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
     physical_block_cb_type physical_block_cb, std::optional<std::string> meta) {
   write_block_impl(cat, std::move(data), compressor_for_category(cat.value()),
                    std::move(meta), std::move(physical_block_cb));
@@ -1031,8 +1029,7 @@ void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_block(
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_block(
-    fragment_category::value_type cat,
-    std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data,
+    fragment_category::value_type cat, std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data,
     std::optional<std::string> meta) {
   write_section_impl(section_type::BLOCK, std::move(data),
                      compressor_for_category(cat), std::move(meta));
@@ -1040,20 +1037,20 @@ void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_block(
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_metadata_v2_schema(
-    std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) {
+    std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) {
   write_section_impl(section_type::METADATA_V2_SCHEMA, std::move(data),
                      schema_bc_);
 }
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_metadata_v2(
-    std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) {
+    std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) {
   write_section_impl(section_type::METADATA_V2, std::move(data), metadata_bc_);
 }
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_history(
-    std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data>&& data) {
+    std::shared_ptr<block_data>&& data) {
   write_section_impl(section_type::HISTORY, std::move(data), history_bc_);
 }
 
@@ -1099,7 +1096,7 @@ void filesystem_writer_<LoggerPolicy>::write_section_index() {
   write(fsb);
 }
 
-} // namespace
+} // namespace internal
 
 filesystem_writer::filesystem_writer(std::ostream& os, logger& lgr,
                                      thread_pool& pool, progress& prog,
@@ -1108,9 +1105,9 @@ filesystem_writer::filesystem_writer(std::ostream& os, logger& lgr,
                                      block_compressor const& history_bc,
                                      filesystem_writer_options const& options,
                                      std::istream* header)
-    : impl_(
-          make_unique_logging_object<impl, filesystem_writer_, logger_policies>(
-              lgr, os, pool.get_worker_group(), prog, schema_bc, metadata_bc,
-              history_bc, options, header)) {}
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::filesystem_writer_,
+                                       logger_policies>(
+          lgr, os, pool.get_worker_group(), prog, schema_bc, metadata_bc,
+          history_bc, options, header)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/inode_manager.cpp b/src/dwarfs/inode_manager.cpp
index d7c2e8c9..4670e416 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/inode_manager.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/inode_manager.cpp
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_manager.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_ordering.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/match.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
@@ -61,15 +60,21 @@
 #include <dwarfs/similarity_ordering.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_types.h>
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 constexpr std::string_view const kScanContext{"[scanning] "};
 constexpr std::string_view const kCategorizeContext{"[categorizing] "};
 
+} // namespace
+
 class inode_ : public inode {
  public:
   using chunk_type = thrift::metadata::chunk;
@@ -529,8 +534,6 @@ class inode_ : public inode {
       similarity_;
 };
 
-} // namespace
-
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class inode_manager_ final : public inode_manager::impl {
  public:
@@ -607,13 +610,12 @@ class inode_manager_ final : public inode_manager::impl {
     return rv;
   }
 
-  void scan_background(internal::worker_group& wg, os_access const& os,
+  void scan_background(worker_group& wg, os_access const& os,
                        std::shared_ptr<inode> ino, file* p) const override;
 
   bool has_invalid_inodes() const override;
 
-  void
-  try_scan_invalid(internal::worker_group& wg, os_access const& os) override;
+  void try_scan_invalid(worker_group& wg, os_access const& os) override;
 
   void dump(std::ostream& os) const override;
 
@@ -621,8 +623,8 @@ class inode_manager_ final : public inode_manager::impl {
     return sortable_inode_span(inodes_);
   }
 
-  sortable_inode_span ordered_span(fragment_category cat,
-                                   internal::worker_group& wg) const override;
+  sortable_inode_span
+  ordered_span(fragment_category cat, worker_group& wg) const override;
 
  private:
   void update_prog(std::shared_ptr<inode> const& ino, file const* p) const {
@@ -653,7 +655,7 @@ class inode_manager_ final : public inode_manager::impl {
 };
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
-void inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::scan_background(internal::worker_group& wg,
+void inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::scan_background(worker_group& wg,
                                                    os_access const& os,
                                                    std::shared_ptr<inode> ino,
                                                    file* p) const {
@@ -698,7 +700,7 @@ bool inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::has_invalid_inodes() const {
 }
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
-void inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::try_scan_invalid(internal::worker_group& wg,
+void inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::try_scan_invalid(worker_group& wg,
                                                     os_access const& os) {
   LOG_VERBOSE << "trying to scan " << num_invalid_inodes_.load()
               << " invalid inodes...";
@@ -752,8 +754,7 @@ void inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::dump(std::ostream& os) const {
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 auto inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::ordered_span(
-    fragment_category cat,
-    internal::worker_group& wg) const -> sortable_inode_span {
+    fragment_category cat, worker_group& wg) const -> sortable_inode_span {
   auto prefix = category_prefix(opts_.categorizer_mgr, cat);
   auto opts = opts_.fragment_order.get(cat);
 
@@ -811,9 +812,11 @@ auto inode_manager_<LoggerPolicy>::ordered_span(
   return span;
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 inode_manager::inode_manager(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
                              inode_options const& opts)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, inode_manager_, logger_policies>(
-          lgr, prog, opts)) {}
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::inode_manager_,
+                                       logger_policies>(lgr, prog, opts)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/inode_ordering.cpp b/src/dwarfs/inode_ordering.cpp
index 6a4a35fa..000c0e41 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/inode_ordering.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/inode_ordering.cpp
@@ -24,14 +24,17 @@
 #include <dwarfs/entry.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_element_view.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_ordering.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/promise_receiver.h>
 #include <dwarfs/similarity_ordering.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 bool inode_less_by_size(inode const* a, inode const* b) {
@@ -40,6 +43,8 @@ bool inode_less_by_size(inode const* a, inode const* b) {
   return sa > sb || (sa == sb && a->any()->less_revpath(*b->any()));
 }
 
+} // namespace
+
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class inode_ordering_ final : public inode_ordering::impl {
  public:
@@ -54,14 +59,12 @@ class inode_ordering_ final : public inode_ordering::impl {
   void
   by_similarity(sortable_inode_span& sp, fragment_category cat) const override;
   void
-  by_nilsimsa(internal::worker_group& wg,
-              similarity_ordering_options const& opts, sortable_inode_span& sp,
-              fragment_category cat) const override;
+  by_nilsimsa(worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
+              sortable_inode_span& sp, fragment_category cat) const override;
 
  private:
   void
-  by_nilsimsa_impl(internal::worker_group& wg,
-                   similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
+  by_nilsimsa_impl(worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
                    std::span<std::shared_ptr<inode> const> inodes,
                    std::vector<uint32_t>& index, fragment_category cat) const;
 
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@ void inode_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::by_similarity(sortable_inode_span& sp,
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void inode_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::by_nilsimsa(
-    internal::worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
+    worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
     sortable_inode_span& sp, fragment_category cat) const {
   auto raw = sp.raw();
   auto& index = sp.index();
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ void inode_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::by_nilsimsa(
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 void inode_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::by_nilsimsa_impl(
-    internal::worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
+    worker_group& wg, similarity_ordering_options const& opts,
     std::span<std::shared_ptr<inode> const> inodes,
     std::vector<uint32_t>& index, fragment_category cat) const {
   auto ev = inode_element_view(inodes, index, cat);
@@ -202,11 +205,11 @@ void inode_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::by_nilsimsa_impl(
   future.get().swap(index);
 }
 
-} // namespace
+} // namespace internal
 
 inode_ordering::inode_ordering(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
                                inode_options const& opts)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, inode_ordering_, logger_policies>(
-          lgr, prog, opts)) {}
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::inode_ordering_,
+                                       logger_policies>(lgr, prog, opts)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/block_cache.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/block_cache.cpp
index 2a3a49d2..d47e419d 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/block_cache.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/block_cache.cpp
@@ -43,15 +43,16 @@
 #include <folly/system/ThreadName.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/fs_section.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/performance_monitor.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/cached_block.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/cached_block.cpp
index eee19d36..ab53bcf0 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/cached_block.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/cached_block.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,11 @@
 #include <dwarfs/block_compressor.h>
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
 #include <dwarfs/fs_section.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.cpp
index cacfc078..7ae6822f 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@
 #include <ranges>
 
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
 
 template <typename T, typename U>
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.cpp
index 91d5785a..76ed74a1 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.cpp
@@ -33,15 +33,16 @@
 #include <folly/stats/Histogram.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/fstypes.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/offset_cache.h>
 #include <dwarfs/iovec_read_buf.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/performance_monitor.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_cache.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/inode_reader_v2.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/offset_cache.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.cpp
index c7d93095..c919e4a9 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.cpp
@@ -27,11 +27,12 @@
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/match.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_types_custom_protocol.h>
 
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.cpp
index b24cac82..a37b97ec 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.cpp
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/features.h>
 #include <dwarfs/file_stat.h>
 #include <dwarfs/fstypes.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/performance_monitor.h>
@@ -56,6 +55,8 @@
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 #include <dwarfs/vfs_stat.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_v2.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_layouts.h>
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_types_custom_protocol.h>
 
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/internal/worker_group.cpp b/src/dwarfs/internal/worker_group.cpp
index 8e0ad9da..669ef154 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/internal/worker_group.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/internal/worker_group.cpp
@@ -41,11 +41,12 @@
 #include <folly/system/ThreadName.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/os_access.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs::internal {
 
 namespace {
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/metadata_types.cpp b/src/dwarfs/metadata_types.cpp
index f6b81fe0..0482158c 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/metadata_types.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/metadata_types.cpp
@@ -27,12 +27,13 @@
 #include <fmt/format.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/match.h>
 #include <dwarfs/metadata_types.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/metadata_types.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
 inode_view::mode_type inode_view::mode() const { return iv_->mode(); }
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/performance_monitor.cpp b/src/dwarfs/performance_monitor.cpp
index 1ef1ff76..b3fab79c 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/performance_monitor.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/performance_monitor.cpp
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 class single_timer {
@@ -367,6 +369,8 @@ class performance_monitor_impl : public performance_monitor {
   std::shared_ptr<file_access const> fa_;
 };
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 performance_monitor_proxy::performance_monitor_proxy(
     std::shared_ptr<performance_monitor const> mon,
     std::string const& mon_namespace)
@@ -379,7 +383,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<performance_monitor> performance_monitor::create(
     std::optional<std::filesystem::path> trace_file) {
   return enabled_namespaces.empty()
              ? nullptr
-             : std::make_unique<performance_monitor_impl>(
+             : std::make_unique<internal::performance_monitor_impl>(
                    std::move(enabled_namespaces), std::move(fa),
                    std::move(trace_file));
 }
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/scanner.cpp b/src/dwarfs/scanner.cpp
index 696674a9..2c242a1a 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/scanner.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/scanner.cpp
@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@
 #include <dwarfs/inode.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_manager.h>
 #include <dwarfs/inode_ordering.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/metadata_freezer.h>
 #include <dwarfs/mmif.h>
@@ -68,10 +64,17 @@
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 #include <dwarfs/version.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/global_entry_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 #include <dwarfs/gen-cpp2/metadata_types.h>
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 namespace {
@@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ class pipe_set_inode_visitor : public visitor_base {
 
 class names_and_symlinks_visitor : public visitor_base {
  public:
-  explicit names_and_symlinks_visitor(internal::global_entry_data& data)
+  explicit names_and_symlinks_visitor(global_entry_data& data)
       : data_(data) {}
 
   void visit(file* p) override { data_.add_name(p->name()); }
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ class names_and_symlinks_visitor : public visitor_base {
   }
 
  private:
-  internal::global_entry_data& data_;
+  global_entry_data& data_;
 };
 
 class save_directories_visitor : public visitor_base {
@@ -179,8 +182,7 @@ class save_directories_visitor : public visitor_base {
 
   void visit(dir* p) override { directories_.at(p->inode_num().value()) = p; }
 
-  void
-  pack(thrift::metadata::metadata& mv2, internal::global_entry_data& ge_data) {
+  void pack(thrift::metadata::metadata& mv2, global_entry_data& ge_data) {
     for (auto p : directories_) {
       if (!p->has_parent()) {
         p->set_entry_index(mv2.dir_entries()->size());
@@ -285,8 +287,7 @@ std::string status_string(progress const& p, size_t width) {
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
 class scanner_ final : public scanner::impl {
  public:
-  scanner_(logger& lgr, internal::worker_group& wg,
-           std::shared_ptr<segmenter_factory> sf,
+  scanner_(logger& lgr, worker_group& wg, std::shared_ptr<segmenter_factory> sf,
            std::shared_ptr<entry_factory> ef,
            std::shared_ptr<os_access const> os, std::shared_ptr<script> scr,
            const scanner_options& options);
@@ -314,7 +315,7 @@ class scanner_ final : public scanner::impl {
                   std::function<void(std::ostream&)> dumper) const;
 
   LOG_PROXY_DECL(LoggerPolicy);
-  internal::worker_group& wg_;
+  worker_group& wg_;
   scanner_options const& options_;
   std::shared_ptr<segmenter_factory> segmenter_factory_;
   std::shared_ptr<entry_factory> entry_factory_;
@@ -323,7 +324,7 @@ class scanner_ final : public scanner::impl {
 };
 
 template <typename LoggerPolicy>
-scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scanner_(logger& lgr, internal::worker_group& wg,
+scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scanner_(logger& lgr, worker_group& wg,
                                  std::shared_ptr<segmenter_factory> sf,
                                  std::shared_ptr<entry_factory> ef,
                                  std::shared_ptr<os_access const> os,
@@ -683,7 +684,7 @@ void scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scan(
     }
   }
 
-  internal::global_entry_data ge_data(options_);
+  global_entry_data ge_data(options_);
   thrift::metadata::metadata mv2;
   feature_set features;
 
@@ -730,14 +731,12 @@ void scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scan(
   //   which gets run on a worker groups; each batch keeps track of
   //   its CPU time and affects thread naming
 
-  auto blockmgr = std::make_shared<internal::block_manager>();
+  auto blockmgr = std::make_shared<block_manager>();
 
   {
     size_t const num_threads = options_.num_segmenter_workers;
-    internal::worker_group wg_ordering(LOG_GET_LOGGER, *os_, "ordering",
-                                       num_threads);
-    internal::worker_group wg_blockify(LOG_GET_LOGGER, *os_, "blockify",
-                                       num_threads);
+    worker_group wg_ordering(LOG_GET_LOGGER, *os_, "ordering", num_threads);
+    worker_group wg_blockify(LOG_GET_LOGGER, *os_, "blockify", num_threads);
 
     fsw.configure(frag_info.categories, num_threads);
 
@@ -989,15 +988,13 @@ void scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scan(
 
   LOG_VERBOSE << "uncompressed metadata size: " << size_with_unit(data.size());
 
-  fsw.write_metadata_v2_schema(
-      std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(std::move(schema)));
-  fsw.write_metadata_v2(
-      std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(std::move(data)));
+  fsw.write_metadata_v2_schema(std::make_shared<block_data>(std::move(schema)));
+  fsw.write_metadata_v2(std::make_shared<block_data>(std::move(data)));
 
   if (options_.enable_history) {
     history hist(options_.history);
     hist.append(options_.command_line_arguments);
-    fsw.write_history(std::make_shared<internal::block_data>(hist.serialize()));
+    fsw.write_history(std::make_shared<block_data>(hist.serialize()));
   }
 
   LOG_INFO << "waiting for compression to finish...";
@@ -1010,13 +1007,16 @@ void scanner_<LoggerPolicy>::scan(
            << ")";
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 scanner::scanner(logger& lgr, thread_pool& pool,
                  std::shared_ptr<segmenter_factory> sf,
                  std::shared_ptr<entry_factory> ef,
                  std::shared_ptr<os_access const> os,
                  std::shared_ptr<script> scr, const scanner_options& options)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, scanner_, logger_policies>(
-          lgr, pool.get_worker_group(), std::move(sf), std::move(ef),
-          std::move(os), std::move(scr), options)) {}
+    : impl_(
+          make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::scanner_, logger_policies>(
+              lgr, pool.get_worker_group(), std::move(sf), std::move(ef),
+              std::move(os), std::move(scr), options)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/segmenter.cpp b/src/dwarfs/segmenter.cpp
index 23bfda42..a257517b 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/segmenter.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/segmenter.cpp
@@ -47,15 +47,18 @@
 #include <dwarfs/cyclic_hash.h>
 #include <dwarfs/entry.h>
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/segmenter.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 /**
@@ -567,7 +570,7 @@ class active_block : private GranularityPolicy {
       , filter_(bloom_filter_size)
       , repseqmap_{repseqmap}
       , repeating_collisions_{repcoll}
-      , data_{std::make_shared<internal::block_data>()} {
+      , data_{std::make_shared<block_data>()} {
     DWARFS_CHECK((window_step & window_step_mask_) == 0,
                  "window step size not a power of two");
     data_->reserve(this->frames_to_bytes(capacity_in_frames_));
@@ -583,9 +586,7 @@ class active_block : private GranularityPolicy {
     return size_in_frames() == capacity_in_frames_;
   }
 
-  DWARFS_FORCE_INLINE std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data> data() const {
-    return data_;
-  }
+  DWARFS_FORCE_INLINE std::shared_ptr<block_data> data() const { return data_; }
 
   DWARFS_FORCE_INLINE void
   append_bytes(std::span<uint8_t const> data, bloom_filter& global_filter);
@@ -630,7 +631,7 @@ class active_block : private GranularityPolicy {
   fast_multimap<hash_t, offset_t, num_inline_offsets> offsets_;
   repeating_sequence_map_type const& repseqmap_;
   repeating_collisions_map_type& repeating_collisions_;
-  std::shared_ptr<internal::block_data> data_;
+  std::shared_ptr<block_data> data_;
 };
 
 class segmenter_progress : public progress::context {
@@ -678,8 +679,7 @@ class segmenter_ final : public segmenter::impl, private SegmentingPolicy {
 
  public:
   template <typename... PolicyArgs>
-  segmenter_(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
-             std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr,
+  segmenter_(logger& lgr, progress& prog, std::shared_ptr<block_manager> blkmgr,
              segmenter::config const& cfg, size_t total_size,
              segmenter::block_ready_cb block_ready, PolicyArgs&&... args)
       : SegmentingPolicy(std::forward<PolicyArgs>(args)...)
@@ -764,7 +764,7 @@ class segmenter_ final : public segmenter::impl, private SegmentingPolicy {
 
   LOG_PROXY_DECL(LoggerPolicy);
   progress& prog_;
-  std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr_;
+  std::shared_ptr<block_manager> blkmgr_;
   segmenter::config const cfg_;
   segmenter::block_ready_cb block_ready_;
   std::shared_ptr<segmenter_progress> pctx_;
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@ struct variable_granularity_segmenter_ {
 template <template <typename> typename SegmentingPolicy>
 std::unique_ptr<segmenter::impl>
 create_segmenter2(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
-                  std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr,
+                  std::shared_ptr<block_manager> blkmgr,
                   segmenter::config const& cfg,
                   compression_constraints const& cc, size_t total_size,
                   segmenter::block_ready_cb block_ready) {
@@ -1328,7 +1328,7 @@ create_segmenter2(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
 
 std::unique_ptr<segmenter::impl>
 create_segmenter(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
-                 std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr,
+                 std::shared_ptr<block_manager> blkmgr,
                  segmenter::config const& cfg,
                  compression_constraints const& cc, size_t total_size,
                  segmenter::block_ready_cb block_ready) {
@@ -1351,11 +1351,13 @@ create_segmenter(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
 
 } // namespace
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 segmenter::segmenter(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
                      std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr,
                      config const& cfg, compression_constraints const& cc,
                      size_t total_size, block_ready_cb block_ready)
-    : impl_(create_segmenter(lgr, prog, std::move(blkmgr), cfg, cc, total_size,
-                             std::move(block_ready))) {}
+    : impl_(internal::create_segmenter(lgr, prog, std::move(blkmgr), cfg, cc,
+                                       total_size, std::move(block_ready))) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/segmenter_factory.cpp b/src/dwarfs/segmenter_factory.cpp
index 6e2f8b8d..a451a47b 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/segmenter_factory.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/segmenter_factory.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 class segmenter_factory_ final : public segmenter_factory::impl {
  public:
   segmenter_factory_(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ class segmenter_factory_ final : public segmenter_factory::impl {
 
   segmenter create(fragment_category cat, size_t cat_size,
                    compression_constraints const& cc,
-                   std::shared_ptr<internal::block_manager> blkmgr,
+                   std::shared_ptr<block_manager> blkmgr,
                    segmenter::block_ready_cb block_ready) const override {
     segmenter::config cfg;
 
@@ -65,11 +67,13 @@ class segmenter_factory_ final : public segmenter_factory::impl {
   segmenter_factory::config cfg_;
 };
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 segmenter_factory::segmenter_factory(
     logger& lgr, progress& prog, std::shared_ptr<categorizer_manager> catmgr,
     config const& cfg)
-    : impl_(std::make_unique<segmenter_factory_>(lgr, prog, std::move(catmgr),
-                                                 cfg)) {}
+    : impl_(std::make_unique<internal::segmenter_factory_>(
+          lgr, prog, std::move(catmgr), cfg)) {}
 
 segmenter_factory::segmenter_factory(logger& lgr, progress& prog,
                                      config const& cfg)
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/similarity_ordering.cpp b/src/dwarfs/similarity_ordering.cpp
index 599e67f5..03f0d450 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/similarity_ordering.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/similarity_ordering.cpp
@@ -31,13 +31,16 @@
 #include <folly/experimental/Bits.h>
 
 #include <dwarfs/compiler.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/logger.h>
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/similarity_ordering.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
+namespace internal {
+
 namespace {
 
 // TODO: move out of here
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ class similarity_ordering_ final : public similarity_ordering::impl {
       basic_cluster<256, uint64_t, uint32_t, index_value_type>;
   using nilsimsa_cluster_tree_node = basic_cluster_tree_node<nilsimsa_cluster>;
 
-  similarity_ordering_(logger& lgr, progress& prog, internal::worker_group& wg,
+  similarity_ordering_(logger& lgr, progress& prog, worker_group& wg,
                        similarity_ordering_options const& opts)
       : LOG_PROXY_INIT(lgr)
       , prog_{prog}
@@ -297,7 +300,7 @@ class similarity_ordering_ final : public similarity_ordering::impl {
 
   LOG_PROXY_DECL(LoggerPolicy);
   progress& prog_;
-  internal::worker_group& wg_;
+  worker_group& wg_;
   similarity_ordering_options const opts_;
 };
 
@@ -650,10 +653,12 @@ void similarity_ordering_<LoggerPolicy>::order_nilsimsa(
       });
 }
 
+} // namespace internal
+
 similarity_ordering::similarity_ordering(
     logger& lgr, progress& prog, internal::worker_group& wg,
     similarity_ordering_options const& opts)
-    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, similarity_ordering_,
+    : impl_(make_unique_logging_object<impl, internal::similarity_ordering_,
                                        logger_policies>(lgr, prog, wg, opts)) {}
 
 } // namespace dwarfs
diff --git a/src/dwarfs/thread_pool.cpp b/src/dwarfs/thread_pool.cpp
index 145061ba..55aa81b7 100644
--- a/src/dwarfs/thread_pool.cpp
+++ b/src/dwarfs/thread_pool.cpp
@@ -19,9 +19,10 @@
  * along with dwarfs.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
  */
 
-#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
 #include <dwarfs/thread_pool.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/worker_group.h>
+
 namespace dwarfs {
 
 thread_pool::thread_pool() = default;
diff --git a/test/block_cache_test.cpp b/test/block_cache_test.cpp
index 923b3d7c..47f75e9b 100644
--- a/test/block_cache_test.cpp
+++ b/test/block_cache_test.cpp
@@ -35,9 +35,10 @@
 #include <dwarfs/block_range.h>
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
 #include <dwarfs/filesystem_v2.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
 #include <dwarfs_tool_main.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/cached_block.h>
+
 #include "mmap_mock.h"
 #include "test_helpers.h"
 #include "test_logger.h"
diff --git a/test/segmenter_benchmark.cpp b/test/segmenter_benchmark.cpp
index 43a2f161..a68000c8 100644
--- a/test/segmenter_benchmark.cpp
+++ b/test/segmenter_benchmark.cpp
@@ -26,11 +26,12 @@
 
 #include <dwarfs/chunkable.h>
 #include <dwarfs/compression_constraints.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
 #include <dwarfs/progress.h>
 #include <dwarfs/segmenter.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_data.h>
+#include <dwarfs/internal/block_manager.h>
+
 #include "loremipsum.h"
 #include "test_logger.h"
 
diff --git a/test/utils_test.cpp b/test/utils_test.cpp
index 0c5970ed..fbb80918 100644
--- a/test/utils_test.cpp
+++ b/test/utils_test.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,11 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <dwarfs/error.h>
-#include <dwarfs/internal/offset_cache.h>
 #include <dwarfs/options.h>
 #include <dwarfs/util.h>
 
+#include <dwarfs/internal/offset_cache.h>
+
 using namespace dwarfs;
 
 TEST(utils, utf8_display_width) {