396 lines
11 KiB
Groff
396 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.TH INSTALLBOOT 8
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.SH NAME
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installboot \- make a device bootable
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B installboot \-i(mage)
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.I image
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.RI [ label :] kernel
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.IR "mm fs" " ... " init
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.br
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.B installboot \-(e)x(tract)
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.I image
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.br
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.B installboot \-d(evice)
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.I device bootblock boot
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.RI [[ label :] image
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\&...]
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.br
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.B installboot \-b(oot)
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.I device bootblock boot
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.RI [ label :] image
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\&...
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.br
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.B installboot \-m(aster)
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.I device masterboot
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.RI [ keys " [" logical ]]
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.de SP
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.if t .sp 0.4
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.if n .sp
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..
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.B Installboot
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may be used to make a device bootable by constructing a kernel image and
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installing bootstrap code into the boot block of a MINIX 3 file system. To
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understand how this can be done one first has to know what happens when a
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PC is booted.
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.PP
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When the power is turned on the typical PC will try to read the first sector
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from the first floppy disk or from the first hard disk into memory and execute
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it. The code obtained from the hard disk (from the so-called master boot
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sector) will immediately replace itself by the code found in the first sector
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of the active partition. Thus the PC is now executing the bootstrap code found
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in the first sector of /dev/fd0, /dev/c0d0p0, /dev/c0d0p1, /dev/c0d0p2, or
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/dev/c0d0p3 (assuming the boot disk is attached to controller 0.)
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The bootstrap will locate the operating system on the device it itself was
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loaded from, load it, and execute it.
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.PP
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To make a MINIX 3 file system
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.B /dev/fd0
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mounted on
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.B /mnt
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bootable, enter the following:
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.SP
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.RS
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.ft B
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cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt/boot
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.SP
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installboot \-i /mnt/minix kernel mm fs init
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.SP
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installboot \-d /dev/fd0 /usr/mdec/bootblock boot
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.ft P
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.RE
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.PP
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The "boot" program in the example is named the "Boot Monitor". It is loaded
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by the bootblock code placed in the boot sector of /dev/fd0 and it will take
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care of loading the kernel image "minix" from the root directory of the
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file system. See
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.BR monitor (8)
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for a description of the Boot Monitor. Note that
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.B boot
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is a name in the file system on
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.B /dev/fd0
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in this example, the same file as
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.BR /mnt/boot .
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Making
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.B /mnt/minix
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is normally not necessary, there is usually a kernel image in the
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.B tools
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directory.
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.SH OPTIONS
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.B \-i(mage)
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.I image
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.RI [ label :] kernel
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.IR "mm fs" " ... " init
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.RS
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The
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.B \-image
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option (or the
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.B \-i
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shorthand) combines the executable files needed to run MINIX 3 in one file.
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Only the names and a few zero bytes are inserted into the image. The name
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is for identification and the zeros are used to pad separate pieces to
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sector boundaries for fast loading.
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.SP
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An executable may be prefixed by a label. The Monitor may be instructed to
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load processes by label. So more than one kernel process may be included in
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the image, each with a different winchester driver for instance. So if you
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have compiled two different kernels with an AT or XT driver then
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.SP
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.RS
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.BI "installboot \-i" " image AT:at_kernel XT:xt_kernel mm fs init"
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.RE
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.SP
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will make an image with two different labeled kernels and one
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unlabeled set of the other binaries.
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.RE
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.PP
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.B \-(e)x(tract)
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.I image
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.RS
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Extract the binaries from
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.I image
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under the names stored in the image. (The name includes the optional label.)
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.RE
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.PP
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.B \-d(evice)
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.I device bootblock boot
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.RI [[ label :] image
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\&...]
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.RS
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Installs
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.I bootblock
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in the boot sector of
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.I device
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together with the disk addresses to
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.IR boot .
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These disk addresses are needed to load
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.I boot
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from the file system at boot time. The argument
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.I boot
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is first searched in the file system on
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.IR device .
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If it is not found then it is read as a normal file and added at the end of
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the file system. The file system should be smaller than the device it is on
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to allow this. Any extra images are also added to the end as described
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under
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.BR \-boot .
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(Make sure you understand all this.)
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.SP
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The device need not be mounted when
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.B installboot
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is run, nor does it matter if it is.
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.SP
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.B Installboot
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needs to be run again if
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.I boot
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is rewritten, because it will then occupy a new place on the disk.
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.SP
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Old boot parameters are kept if there are no images added.
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.RE
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.PP
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.B \-b(oot)
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.I device bootblock boot
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.RI [ label :] image
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\&...
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.RS
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This option fills a blank floppy in
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.I device
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with boot code and kernel images. This "boot disk" does not have a root
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file system, only the Boot Monitor and MINIX 3 kernels. The boot parameters
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sector is filled with code that enables menu options for selecting an
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image. After loading an image, the Monitor will ask you to insert a root
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file system diskette before starting MINIX 3.
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.SP
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The labels used on the images should match those on the executables used
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inside the image. You can put a comma separated list of labels on an image
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for each label used within the image. For the image created earlier one
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would create a boot floppy like this:
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.SP
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.RS
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.nf
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.BI "installboot \-b /dev/fd0 bootblock boot" " AT,XT:image"
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.fi
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.RE
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.SP
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If a label-list is omitted on an image, then that image will be selected by
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default. (Like in the normal one image, no labels case.)
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.SP
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Note that
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.B \-device
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and
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.B \-boot
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together allow you to make a boot floppy with or without a root file system.
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With the boot code in the file system, attached to the end of it, or after
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the boot block. And with one or more kernel images in the file system or
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at the end of the device. Somewhat confusing.
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.RE
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.PP
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.B \-m(aster)
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.I device masterboot
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.RI [ keys " [" logical ]]
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.RS
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This option installs the
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.I masterboot
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program into the boot sector of the given device. If another device is
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given instead of
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.I masterboot
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then its bootstrap code is copied to
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.IR device .
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The master bootstrap on a hard disk boots the active partition on that disk
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at boot time. The MS-DOS fdisk command normally puts a master bootstrap on
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the hard disk. MINIX 3 has two bootstraps that can be used as a master
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bootstrap,
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.B masterboot
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and
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.BR jumpboot.
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.SP
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.B Masterboot
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is a fairly normal master bootstrap that works as follows:
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.RS
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.SP
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If installed on a hard disk then it will load the bootstrap of the active
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partition and run it.
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.B Masterboot
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can be put in the first sector of a hard disk to boot the active partition,
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or in the first sector of a MINIX 3 partition to boot the active subpartition.
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.SP
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If installed on a MINIX 3 floppy then it will try to boot the next floppy or
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the first hard disk. Ideal for floppies with just data on it, they will no
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longer obstruct the boot process if left in the drive. Also a very useful
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trick to boot from floppy drive 1.
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.RE
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.SP
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The other bootstrap named
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.B jumpboot
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is used for the weird cases:
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.SP
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.RS
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If your default operating system is installed on another disk then
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.B jumpboot
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can be installed on the first disk and instructed to boot the disk,
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partition or subpartition that must be booted by default.
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.SP
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If one of your operating systems insists on being active when booted then use
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.B jumpboot
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to ignore the active flag and boot your preferred O.S. instead. The Boot
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Monitor's "\fBboot\ \(**\fP" trick to activate the partition to boot is
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useful here.
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.SP
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To boot a logical partition within an extended partition. Note that you can
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put
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.B jumpboot
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in the first sector of the extended partition in this case, with the
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extended partition marked active.
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.SP
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If you hold down the ALT key while
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.B jumpboot
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is being executed, then you can type the disk, partition or subpartition
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you want to boot as one to three digits followed by typing ENTER.
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.RE
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.SP
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.B Jumpboot
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can be programmed to boot a certain partition with the
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.I keys
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argument and optionally also the
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.I logical
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argument.
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.I Keys
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are one to three digits naming the disk, partition or subpartition. If the
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device to boot is
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.BR /dev/c0d1p3s0 ,
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then
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.I keys
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is
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.BR 130 .
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These are the same three digits you can type manually if you hold down ALT
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at boot. To program
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.B jumpboot
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to boot a logical partition within an extended partition, let
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.I keys
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be just a disk number, and specify
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.I logical
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as the name of the logical partition on that disk that is to be booted.
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(Actually
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.I logical
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can be any device name, but this form should be avoided because it offers
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less checking to see if the device is still there after a disk
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rearrangement.)
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.SP
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A backup copy of the current master bootstrap (including the partition
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table) can be made with:
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.RS
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.SP
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dd if=\fIdevice\fP of=\fIbackup-file\fP count=1
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.SP
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.RE
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A simple 'cp \fIbackup-file\fP \fIdevice\fP' will put it back. You can
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also use
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.B fdisk /mbr
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under MS-DOS 5.0 (or newer) to restore the master bootstrap.
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.RE
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.RE
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.SH FILES
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.TP 25
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.B /usr/mdec/bootblock
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MINIX 3 bootstrap for the Minix root device. To be placed in the boot sector.
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.TP
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.B /usr/mdec/boot
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MINIX 3 Boot Monitor. Can usually be found in the root directory of a bootable
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device.
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.TP
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.B /usr/mdec/masterboot
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Master bootstrap. Can be placed in the first sector of a disk to select the
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active partition. In a MINIX 3 primary partition it selects the active
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subpartition.
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.TP
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.B /usr/mdec/jumpboot
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Special "boot this" bootstrap.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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.BR part (8),
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.BR monitor (8).
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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.I File
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is not an executable
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.RS
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What you think is boot code or part of the kernel isn't.
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.RE
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.SP
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.I Program
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will crash, text/data segment larger then 64K
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.RS
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One of the 16-bit programs added to an image has a text or data segment
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that is larger than 64K. You probably enabled too many drivers, or
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configured too many buffers.
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.RE
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.SP
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.I File
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can't be attached to
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.I device
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.RS
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You are trying to put the boot monitor or an image after a file system, but
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there is no or not enough space. Did you specify the full path of the
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monitor instead of just "boot"?
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.RE
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.SP
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.I Device
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is not a MINIX 3 file system
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.RS
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You are using
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.B \-device
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on a device that doesn't contain a file system. Maybe you specified the
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wrong device, maybe you should make a file system, or maybe you should use
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.BR \-boot .
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.RE
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.SP
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.I Device
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contains a file system
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.RS
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You are about to destroy a file system with
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.BR \-boot .
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Maybe you meant to use
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.BR \-device ?
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You have 10 seconds to make up your mind...
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.RE
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.SP
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.I File
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is too big
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.RS
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Several types of messages like these will tell you that
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.I file
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can't be installed in a boot sector, or that there is no room to add some
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parameters, etc. Is
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.I file
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really a bootstrap?
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.RE
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.SS "Bootstrap errors"
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Read error
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.RS
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A read error trying to get the next bit of boot code. You may even get the
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BIOS error code in hex. Either the device has a bad block, or jumpboot is
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told to read a nonexistent disk.
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.RE
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.SP
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No active partition
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.RS
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None of the partitions in a partition table is marked active.
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.RE
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.SP
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Not bootable
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.RS
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Partition does not exist (jumpboot), or it's bootstrap isn't executable.
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.RE
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.SH NOTES
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The MINIX 3 bootstraps can boot beyond the 8G disk size limit if the BIOS
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supports the IBM/MS INT 13 Extensions. Alas only Minix-vmd can make use of
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this, standard MINIX 3 has a 4G disk size limit.
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.SH BUGS
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It has four more options than the SunOS installboot program it is modeled
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after.
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.PP
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The bootblock code has been crunched to such ugliness that you can use it
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to scare little kids out of your garden.
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.SH AUTHOR
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Kees J. Bot (kjb@cs.vu.nl)
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.\"
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.\" $PchId: installboot.8,v 1.7 2000/08/13 22:09:31 philip Exp $
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