327 lines
9.3 KiB
Groff
327 lines
9.3 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: newfs_ext2fs.8,v 1.11 2010/02/25 13:09:17 tsutsui Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
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.\"
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.Dd March 1, 2009
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.Dt NEWFS_EXT2FS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm newfs_ext2fs
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.Nd construct a new ext2 file system
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl FINZ
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl D Ar inodesize
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
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.Op Fl m Ar free-space
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.Op Fl n Ar inodes
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.Op Fl O Ar filesystem-format
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Op Fl V Ar verbose
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.Op Fl v Ar volname
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.Ar special
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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is used to initialize and clear ext2 file systems before first use.
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Before running
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.Nm
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the disk must be labeled using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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.Nm
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builds a file system on the specified special device
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basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
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Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
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.Nm
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has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
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.Pp
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Options with numeric arguments may contain an optional (case-insensitive)
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suffix:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It b
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Bytes; causes no modification.
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(Default)
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.It k
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Kilo; multiply the argument by 1024.
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.It m
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Mega; multiply the argument by 1048576.
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.It g
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Giga; multiply the argument by 1073741824.
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.El
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.Pp
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The following options define the general layout policies.
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl b Ar block-size
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The block size of the file system, in bytes.
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It must be a power of two.
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The smallest allowable size is 1024 bytes.
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The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
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.It Sy "file system size"
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.Ar block-size
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.It \*[Lt]= 512 MB
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1 KB
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.It \*[Gt] 512 MB
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4 KB
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.El
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.It Fl D Ar inodesize
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Set the inode size.
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Defaults to 128, and can also be set to 256 for
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compatibility with ext4.
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.It Fl F
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Create a file system image in
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.Ar special .
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The file system size needs to be specified with
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.Dq Fl s Ar size .
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No attempts to use or update the disk label will be made.
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.It Fl f Ar frag-size
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The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
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It must be the same with blocksize because the current ext2fs
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implementation doesn't support fragmentation.
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.It Fl I
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Do not require that the file system type listed in the disk label is
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.Ql Linux\ Ext2 .
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.It Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
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This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
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If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
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to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
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.It Fl m Ar free-space
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The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
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space threshold.
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The default value used is 5%.
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.It Fl N
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Causes the file system parameters to be printed out
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without really creating the file system.
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.It Fl n Ar inodes
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This specifies the number of inodes for the file system.
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If both
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.Fl i
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and
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.Fl n
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are specified then
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.Fl n
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takes precedence.
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The default number of inodes is calculated from a number of blocks in
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the file system.
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.It Fl O Ar filesystem-format
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Select the filesystem-format.
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It 0
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.Ql GOOD_OLD_REV ;
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this option is primarily used to build root file systems that can be
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understood by old or dumb firmwares for bootstrap.
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(default)
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.It 1
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.Ql DYNAMIC_REV ;
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various extended (and sometimes incompatible) features are enabled
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(though not all features are supported on
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.Nx ) .
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Currently only the following features are supported:
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.Bl -tag -width "SPARSESUPER" -offset indent -compact
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.It RESIZE
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Prepare some reserved structures which enable future file system resizing.
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.It FTYPE
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Store file types in directory entries to improve performance.
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.It SPARSESUPER
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Prepare superblock backups for the
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.Xr fsck_ext2fs 8
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utility on not all but sparse block groups.
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.It LARGEFILE
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Enable files larger than 2G bytes.
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.El
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.El
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.It Fl s Ar size
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The size of the file system in sectors.
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An
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.Sq s
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suffix will be interpreted as the number of sectors (the default).
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All other suffixes are interpreted as per other numeric arguments,
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except that the number is converted into sectors by dividing by the
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sector size (as specified by
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.Fl S Ar secsize )
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after suffix interpretation.
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.Pp
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If no
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.Fl s Ar size
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is specified then the filesystem size defaults to that of the partition, or,
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if
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.Fl F
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is specified, the existing file.
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.Pp
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If
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.Ar size
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is negative the specified size is subtracted from the default size
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(reserving space at the end of the partition).
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.It Fl V Ar verbose
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This controls the amount of information written to stdout:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It 0
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No output.
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.It 1
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Overall size and cylinder group details.
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.It 2
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A progress bar (dots ending at right hand margin).
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.It 3
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The first few super-block backup sector numbers are displayed before the
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progress bar.
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.It 4
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All the super-block backup sector numbers are displayed (no progress bar).
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.El
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The default is 3.
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If
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.Fl N
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is specified
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.Nm
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stops before outputting the progress bar.
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.It Fl v Ar volname
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This specifies a volume name for the file system.
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.It Fl Z
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Pre-zeros the file system image created with
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.Fl F .
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This is necessary if the image is to be used by
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.Xr vnd 4
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(which doesn't support file systems with
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.Sq holes ) .
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.El
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.Pp
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The following option overrides the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
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The default value is taken from the disk label.
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Changing this default is useful only when using
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.Nm
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to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
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different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
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(for example on a write-once disk).
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Note that changing this value from its default will make it impossible for
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.Xr fsck_ext2fs 8
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to find the alternative superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
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Defaults to 512.
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.El
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.Sh NOTES
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There is no option to specify the metadata byte order on the file system
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to be created because the native ext2 file system is always little endian
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even on big endian hosts.
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.Pp
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The file system is created with
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.Sq random
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inode generation numbers to improve NFS security.
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.Pp
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The owner and group IDs of the root node and reserved blocks of the new
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file system are set to the effective UID and GID of the user initializing
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the file system.
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.Pp
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For the
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.Nm
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command to succeed,
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the disk label should first be updated such that the fstype field for the
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partition is set to
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.Ql Linux\ Ext2 ,
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unless
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.Fl F
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or
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.Fl I
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is used.
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.Pp
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.\" To create and populate a filesystem image within a file use the
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.\" .Xr makefs 8
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.\" utility.
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.\" .Pp
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The partition size is found using
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.Xr fstat 2 ,
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not by inspecting the disk label.
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The block size and fragment size will be written back to the disk label
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only if the last character of
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.Ar special
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references the same partition as the minor device number.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fstat 2 ,
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.Xr disklabel 5 ,
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr diskpart 8 ,
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.\" .Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.\" .Xr format 8 ,
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.Xr fsck_ext2fs 8 ,
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.\" .Xr makefs 8 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr mount_ext2fs 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8
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.Rs
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.%A Remy Card
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.%A Theodore Ts'o
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.%A Stephen Tweedie
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.%T "Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem"
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.%J "The Proceedings of the First Dutch International Symposium on Linux"
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.%U http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net/ext2intro.html
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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command first appeared in
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.Nx 5.0 .
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.Sh AUTHORS
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The
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.Nm
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command was written by
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.An Izumi Tsutsui
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.Aq tsutsui@NetBSD.org .
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.Sh BUGS
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The
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.Nm
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command is still experimental and there are few sanity checks.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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command doesn't have options to specify each REV1 file system feature
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independently.
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.Pp
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The
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.Nm
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command doesn't support the bad block list accounted by the bad blocks inode.
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.Pp
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Many newer ext2 file system features (especially journaling) are
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not supported yet.
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.Pp
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Some features in file systems created by the
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.Nm
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command might not be recognized properly by the
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.Xr fsck_ext2fs 8
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utility.
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.Pp
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There is no native tool in the
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.Nx
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distribution for resizing ext2 file systems yet.
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