413 lines
11 KiB
Groff
413 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: printf.1,v 1.22 2008/09/01 09:20:41 dholland Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
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.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)printf.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93
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.\"
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.Dd May 6, 2008
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.Dt PRINTF 1
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm printf
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.Nd formatted output
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Ar format
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.Op Ar arguments ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
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of the
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.Ar format .
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The
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.Ar format
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is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
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which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
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are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
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each of which causes printing of the next successive
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.Ar argument .
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.Pp
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The
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.Ar arguments
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after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
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either
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.Cm b ,
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.Cm B ,
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.Cm c ,
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or
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.Cm s ;
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otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
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.Pp
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.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
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.It
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A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
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.It
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If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
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.Tn ASCII
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code of the next character.
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.El
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.Pp
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The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
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.Ar arguments .
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Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
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string.
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.Pp
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Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
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.St -ansiC .
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The characters and their meanings are as follows:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
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.It Cm \ee
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Write an
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.Aq escape
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character.
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.It Cm \ea
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Write a
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.Aq bell
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character.
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.It Cm \eb
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Write a
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.Aq backspace
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character.
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.It Cm \ef
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Write a
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.Aq form-feed
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character.
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.It Cm \en
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Write a
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.Aq new-line
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character.
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.It Cm \er
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Write a
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.Aq carriage return
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character.
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.It Cm \et
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Write a
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.Aq tab
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character.
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.It Cm \ev
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Write a
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.Aq vertical tab
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character.
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.It Cm \e\'
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Write a
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.Aq single quote
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character.
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.It Cm \e"
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Write a
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.Aq double quote
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character.
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.It Cm \e\e
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Write a backslash character.
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.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
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Write an 8\-bit character whose
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.Tn ASCII
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value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit octal number
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.Ar num .
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.It Cm \ex Ns Ar xx
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Write an 8\-bit character whose
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.Tn ASCII
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value is the 1\- or 2\-digit hexadecimal number
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.Ar xx .
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.El
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.Pp
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Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
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.Pq Dq \&% .
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The remainder of the format specification includes,
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in the following order:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Zero or more of the following flags :
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Cm #
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A
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.Sq #
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character specifying that the value should be printed in an
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.Dq alternative form .
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For
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.Cm b ,
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.Cm c ,
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.Cm d ,
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and
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.Cm s
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formats, this option has no effect.
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For the
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.Cm o
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format the precision of the number is increased to force the first
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character of the output string to a zero.
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For the
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.Cm x
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.Pq Cm X
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format, a non-zero result has the string
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.Li 0x
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.Pq Li 0X
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prepended to it.
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For
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.Cm e ,
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.Cm E ,
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.Cm f ,
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.Cm g ,
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and
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.Cm G
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formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
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digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
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results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
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For
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.Cm g
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and
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.Cm G
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formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
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would otherwise be.
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.\" I turned this off - decided it isn't a valid use of '#'
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.\" For the
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.\" .Cm B
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.\" format, backslash-escape sequences are expanded first;
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.It Cm \&\-
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A minus sign
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.Sq \-
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which specifies
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.Em left adjustment
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of the output in the indicated field;
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.It Cm \&+
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A
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.Sq \&+
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character specifying that there should always be
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a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
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.It Sq \&\ \&
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A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
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for a signed format.
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A
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.Sq \&+
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overrides a space if both are used;
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.It Cm \&0
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A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
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rather than blank-padding.
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A
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.Sq \-
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overrides a
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.Sq \&0
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if both are used;
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.El
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.It Field Width :
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An optional digit string specifying a
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.Em field width ;
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if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
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be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
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has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
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is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
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.It Precision :
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An optional period,
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.Sq Cm \&. ,
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followed by an optional digit string giving a
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.Em precision
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which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
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for
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.Cm e
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and
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.Cm f
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formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
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from a string
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.Sm off
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.Pf ( Cm b ,
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.Sm on
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.Cm B ,
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and
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.Cm s
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formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
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as zero;
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.It Format :
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A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
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.Cm diouxXfwEgGbBcs ) .
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.El
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.Pp
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A field width or precision may be
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.Sq Cm \&*
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instead of a digit string.
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In this case an
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.Ar argument
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supplies the field width or precision.
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.Pp
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The format characters and their meanings are:
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Cm diouXx
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The
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.Ar argument
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is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
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or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
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.It Cm f
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The
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.Ar argument
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is printed in the style
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.Sm off
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.Pf [\-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd
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.Sm on
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where the number of d's
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after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
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the argument.
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If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
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is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
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.It Cm eE
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The
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.Ar argument
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is printed in the style
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.Sm off
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.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
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.Sm on
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where there
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is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
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the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
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missing, 6 digits are produced.
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An upper-case E is used for an
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.Sq E
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format.
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.It Cm gG
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The
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.Ar argument
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is printed in style
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.Cm f
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or in style
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.Cm e
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.Pq Cm E
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whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
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.It Cm b
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Characters from the string
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.Ar argument
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are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
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.br
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The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
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.Bl -tag -width Ds
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.It Cm \ec
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Causes
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.Nm
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to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
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any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in
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the format operand.
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.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
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Write an 8\-bit character whose
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.Tn ASCII
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value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
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octal number
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.Ar num .
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.It Cm \e^ Ns Ar c
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Write the control character
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.Ar c .
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Generates characters `\e000' through `\e037`, and `\e177' (from `\e^?').
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.It Cm \eM\- Ns Ar c
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Write the character
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.Ar c
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with the 8th bit set.
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Generates characters `\e241' through `\e376`.
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.It Cm \eM^ Ns Ar c
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Write the control character
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.Ar c
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with the 8th bit set.
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Generates characters `\e200' through `\e237`, and `\e377' (from `\eM^?').
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.El
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.It Cm B
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Characters from the string
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.Ar argument
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are printed with unprintable characters backslash-escaped using the
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.Sm off
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.Pf ` Cm \e Ar c No ',
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.Pf ` Cm \e^ Ar c No ',
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.Pf ` Cm \eM\- Ar c No '
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or
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.Pf ` Cm \eM^ Ar c No ',
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.Sm on
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formats described above.
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.It Cm c
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The first character of
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.Ar argument
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is printed.
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.It Cm s
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Characters from the string
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.Ar argument
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are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
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indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
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precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
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.It Cm \&%
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Print a `%'; no argument is used.
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.El
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.Pp
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In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
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a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
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the actual width.
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.Sh EXIT STATUS
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.Nm
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exits 0 on success, 1 on failure.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr echo 1 ,
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.Xr printf 3 ,
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.Xr vis 3 ,
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.Xr printf 9
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.Sh STANDARDS
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The
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.Nm
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utility conforms to
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.St -p1003.1-2001 .
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.Pp
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Support for the floating point formats and `*' as a field width and precision
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are optional in POSIX.
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.Pp
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The behaviour of the %B format and the \e', \e", \exxx, \ee and
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\e[M][\-|^]c escape sequences are undefined in POSIX.
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.Sh BUGS
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Since the floating point numbers are translated from
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.Tn ASCII
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to floating-point and
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then back again, floating-point precision may be lost.
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.Pp
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Hexadecimal character constants are restricted to, and should be specified
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as, two character constants.
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This is contrary to the ISO C standard but
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does guarantee detection of the end of the constant.
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.Sh NOTES
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All formats which treat the
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.Ar argument
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as a number first convert the
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.Ar argument
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from its external representation as a character string
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to an internal numeric representation, and then apply the
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format to the internal numeric representation, producing
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another external character string representation.
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One might expect the
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.Cm \&%c
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format to do likewise, but in fact it does not.
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.Pp
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To convert a string representation of a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal
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number into the corresponding character, two nested
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.Nm
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invocations may be used, in which the inner invocation
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converts the input to an octal string, and the outer
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invocation uses the octal string as part of a format.
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For example, the following command outputs the character whose code
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is 0x0A, which is a newline in ASCII:
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.Pp
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.Dl printf \&"$(printf \&"\e\e%o" \&"0x0A")"
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