761 lines
19 KiB
Groff
761 lines
19 KiB
Groff
.\" manual page for cawf(1)
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.\"
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1991 Purdue University Research Foundation,
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.\" West Lafayette, Indiana 47907. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Written by Victor A. Abell <abe@cc.purdue.edu>, Purdue
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.\" University Computing Center. Not derived from licensed software;
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.\" derived from awf(1) by Henry Spencer of the University of Toronto.
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.\"
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.\" Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any
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.\" purpose on any computer system, and to alter it and redistribute
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.\" it freely, subject to the following restrictions:
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.\"
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.\" 1. The author is not responsible for any consequences of use of
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.\" this software, even if they arise from flaws in it.
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.\"
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.\" 2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either
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.\" by explicit claim or by omission. Credits must appear in the
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.\" documentation.
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.\"
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.\" 3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not
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.\" be misrepresented as being the original software. Credits must
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.\" appear in the documentation.
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.\"
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.\" 4. This notice may not be removed or altered.
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.\"
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.\" Some of the stuff in this file is a bit contorted, because it's also
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.\" the regression-test input.
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.nr ES 5n
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.de ES
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.PP
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.in +\\n(ESu
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.nf
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..
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.de EE
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.in -\\n(ESu
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.fi
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.PP
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..
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.de PT
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.ie \\n(.$>1 .TP "\\$2"
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.el .TP
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.ie !'\\$1'' \\$1
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.el \(bu
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..
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.ds Nr \fInroff\fR
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.TH CAWF 1 "November, 1992"
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.BY "Purdue University"
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.SH NAME
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cawf, nroff \- C version of the nroff-like, Amazingly Workable (text) Formatter
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.B cawf
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.RB [ \-c\c
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.IR config ]
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.RB [ \-d\c
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.IR device ]
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.RB [ \-e ]
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.RB [ \-f\c
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.IR font ]
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.RB [ \-h ]
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.RB [ \-m\c
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.IR acros ]
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.RI [ file " ...]"
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.I Cawf
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formats the text from the input \fIfile\fR(s)
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(standard input if none)
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in an approximation of \*(Nr.
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It comes closest to duplicating \*(Nr's
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.B man
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or
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.B ms
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macro package styles.
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It has some limited support for \*(Nr's
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.B me
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macros.
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.SH OPTIONS
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Options must precede file names.
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.TP
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.BI \-c config
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defines an alternate path to the device configuration file.
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Normally the device configuration file is found in
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.I device.cf
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in the
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.I cawf
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library (see the
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.B FILES
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section).
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.IP
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The device configuration file contains device character strings for
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selecting fonts and the bold or italic type faces.
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See the
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.B DEVICES
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section for more information.
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.TP
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.BI \-d device
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specifies the name of the output device.
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There are three built\-in devices \- ANSI, NONE and NORMAL \- and
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other devices may be defined in the device configuration file.
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See the
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.B DEVICES
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section for more information.
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.IP
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The NORMAL device is the default.
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.TP
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.B \-e
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directs
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.I cawf
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to issue an eject (FF or ^L) after the last page.
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.TP
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.BI \-f font
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specifies the one font for the device, declared with the
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.BI \-d device
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option, that is to be used for the
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entire document.
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.I Font
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must match a font associated with the device's stanza in the device
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configuration file.
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See the
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.B DEVICES
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section for more information.
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.IP
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No
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.I font
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may be specified for the built\-in devices ANSI, NONE or NORMAL.
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.TP
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.B \-h
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requests a help display.
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.TP
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.BI \-m acro
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specifies the macro file to be used.
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The standard
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.I cawf
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distribution supplies macro files to support ``\-man'', ``\-me'' or ``\-ms''.
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.I Cawf
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finds a macro file by constructing its name from `m',
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.I acro
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and
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.B .mac
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\- e. g.,
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.BI \-m an
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is converted to
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.BR man.mac .
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The default directory for macro files is defined when
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.I cawf
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is compiled; it's \fIC:\\SYS\\LIB\\CAWF\fP in the MS\-DOS environment;
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.I /usr/lib/cawf
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in the UNIX environment.
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.TP
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file ...
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are the names of files containing \*(Nr source text.
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.SH NROFF COMPATIBILITY
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.I Cawf
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accepts the following raw \*(Nr requests:
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.ES
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\&.\e" .ad .bp .br .ce .de .di .ds
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\&.el .fi .fl .ft .i0 .ie .if .in
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\&.it .lg .li .ll .ls .na .ne .nf
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\&.nr .ns .pl .po .ps .rm .rn .rr
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\&.rs .so .sp .ta .ti .tm .tr
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.EE
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and the following in-text codes:
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.ES
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\e$ \e% \e* \e" \ec \ef \eh \ek
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\en \es \ew
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.EE
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plus the full list of \*(Nr/\c
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.I troff
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special characters in
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the original V7 \fItroff\fR manual.
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.PP
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Many restrictions are present; the behavior in general is a subset of
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\*(Nr's. Of particular note are the following:
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.IP \(bu 2
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The fully supported nroff request control character is the period.
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There is limited support for the non\-break, acute accent control
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character.
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.PT
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Point sizes do not exist;
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.B .ps
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is ignored.
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.PT
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Special vertical spacing \- the
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.B .vs
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request included \- is ignored.
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.PT
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Conditionals cover only the numeric comparisons >, =, <, >= and <= on
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.BR \en(.$ ;
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string com\%par\%isons between a macro parameter and a literal;
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.B n
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(always true);
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and
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.BR t
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(always false).
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Only single line input is accepted from conditionals;
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multi\-line input \- e.g., \\(\fIanything\fP\\) \- is not supported.
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.PT
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The handling of strings is generally primitive.
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.IP \(bu
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Horizontal motion via
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.B \eh
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must be supplied with a number register interpolation and must be
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positive - e. g.,
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.BR \ew\en(NN ,
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where the value in NN is >= 0.
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.IP \(bu
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The
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.B \ek
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function is reliable only after TAB characters, so it is useful only
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for measuring table positions.
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.IP \(bu
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The
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.B .di
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request only turns output on and off \- any macro name is ignored.
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.IP \(bu
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Expressions - e. g.,
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.B .sp
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- are reasonably general, but the
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.BR | ,
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.BR & ,
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and
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.BR :\&
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operators do not exist, there must be white space between the end of the \*(Nr
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function and the beginning of the expression, and
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.B \ew
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requires that quote (') be used as the delimiters.
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.B \ew
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counts the characters inside the quotes and scales the result in ens,
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so that, for example, \ew'\e(bu' equals 4n, and \ew'\e(bu'/1n equals 4.
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.PT
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The only acceptable count for the
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.B .it
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request is one,
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and it is effective only with
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.BR man ,
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.B me
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or
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.B ms
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macros.
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.PT
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The default scaling factor is `v' for the
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.BR .ne ,
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.BR .sp ,
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and
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.B .pl
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raw \*(Nr requests; it is `u' for
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.BR .nr ;
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and `n' for
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.BR .in ,
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.BR .ll ,
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.BR .ls ,
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.BR .po ,
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.BR .ta
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and
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.BR .ti .
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(A different scaling factor may be specified with a trailing character.)
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.PT
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Some obsolete or meaningless requests \-
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.BR .i0 ,
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.B .lg
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and
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.B .li
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\&\- are silently ignored.
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.P
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White space at the beginning of lines,
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and embedded white space within lines is dealt with properly.
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Sentence terminators at ends of lines are understood to imply
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extra space afterward in filled lines.
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Tabs are im\%plemented crudely and not exactly, although
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usually they work as expected.
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Hyphenation is done only at explicit hyphens, em-dashes, and \*(Nr
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discretionary hyphens.
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By default bold and italic characters are emulated with backspacing and
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overprinting, but the
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.B \-d
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and
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.B \-f
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options, combined with the contents of the device configuration file,
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may be used to generate special codes for bold and italic characters.
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(See the
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.B DEVICES
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section for more information.)
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.SH "MAN MACROS"
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The
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.B man
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macro set replicates the full V7 manual macros,
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plus a few semi-random oddballs.
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The full list is:
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.ES
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\&.AT .B .BI .BR .BY .DE .DT .HP
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\&.I .IB .IP .IR .IX .LP .NB .P
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\&.PD .PP .RB .RE .RI .RS .SH .SM
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\&.SS .TH .TP .UC
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.EE
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.B .BY
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and
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.B .NB
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each take a single string argument (respectively, an indi\%cation of
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authorship and a note about the status of the manual page) and arrange
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to place it in the page footer.
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.B .AT
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and
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.B .IX
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do nothing.
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.SH "ME MACROS"
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The
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.B me
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macro subset has been derived from the
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.I cawf
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.B ms
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macros by Chet Creider <creider@csd.uwo.ca>.
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It includes:
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.ES
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\&.(l .(q .)l .)q .b .bu .i .ip
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\&.lp .np .pp .r .sh .sm .u .uh
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.EE
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The .(l C and .(l L options are supported.
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In addition, the .AB, .AE, .AI, .AU, .DA, .ND, .TL and .UX macros have
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been retained from the
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.B ms
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set, and the .XP macro has been borrowed from the Berkeley additions to the
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.B ms
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macro set.
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.SH "MS MACROS"
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The
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.B ms
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macro set is a substantial subset of the V7 manuscript macros.
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The macros are:
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.ES
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\&.AB .AE .AI .AU .B .CD .DA .DE
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\&.DS .I .ID .IP .LD .LG .LP .ND
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\&.NH .NL .PP .QE .QP .QS .R .RE
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\&.RP .RS .SH .SM .TL .TP .UL .UX
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.EE
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Size changes are recognized but ignored, as are
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.B .RP
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and
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.BR .ND .
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.B .UL
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just prints its argument in italics.
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.BR .DS / .DE
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does not do a keep,
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nor do any of the other macros that normally imply keeps.
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.LP
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The
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.B DY
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string variable is available.
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The
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.BR PD ,
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.BR PI ,
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and
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.BR LL
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number registers exist and can be changed.
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.SH "HEADERS AND FOOTERS"
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.I Cawf
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allows the placement of text into the five line header and
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footer sections from the
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.BR LH ,
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.BR CH ,
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.BR RF ,
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.BR LF ,
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.BR CF ,
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and
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.B RF
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string variables, via the control of the
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.B .^b
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request:
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.LP
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.ta \w'.^b HF 0'u+3n
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.nf
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\&.^b fh 1 enables header string placement on the first page
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\&.^b fh 0 disables header string placement on the first page
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\&.^b HF 1 enables header/footer string placement
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\&.^b HF 0 disables header/footer string placement
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.fi
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.LP
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There are appropriate
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.B .^b
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requests in the distribution
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.BR man ,
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.B me
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and
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.B ms
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macro files.
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(The
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.B me
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and
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.B ms
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macro files use another
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.B .^b
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request, \fB.^b NH\fP, to enable numbered header processing.)
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.SH OUTPUT
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The default output format supported by
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.IR cawf ,
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in its distributed form,
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is that appropriate to a dumb terminal,
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using overprinting for italics (via underlining) and bold.
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The \*(Nr special characters are printed as some vague approximation
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(it's sometimes extremely vague) to their correct appearance.
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.PP
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One part of
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.IR cawf 's
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knowledge of the output device, related to the formation of characters,
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is established by a device file, which is read before the user's input.
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The search for it begins in
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.IR cawf 's
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library directory, under the name \fIterm\fP.\fBdev\fP
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(where \fIterm\fR is the value of the TERM environment variable).
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Failing to find that,
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.I cawf
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searches for
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.BR dumb.dev .
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(See the
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.B FILES
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section for a description of the path to
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.IR cawf 's
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library directory.)
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The device file
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uses special internal requests
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to set up resolution, special characters
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and more normal \*(Nr functions to set up page length, etc.
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.PP
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.I Cawf
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has limited support for fonts special forms of bold and italic characters.
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It is provided through the
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.B \-c
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.IR config ,
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.BI \-d device
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and
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.BI \-f font
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options.
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See the
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.B DEVICES
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section for more information.
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.PP
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Note the distinction between the device and the output device configuration
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files.
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The device file typically defines characters and constant output parameters.
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The output device configuration file defines font and type face codes.
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It is usually not necessary to define a separate device file for each
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device represented in the output device configuration file \- the
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.I dumb.dev
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device file will suffice for almost all representations.
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.SH DEVICES
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.I Cawf
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supports primitive output device configuration for font and type face
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control.
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One font may be selected for the entire document by directing
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.I cawf
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to issue a font selection control character string at the beginning
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of the document, and control character strings may be selected for
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switching between the bold, italic and Roman type faces.
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.PP
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The
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.B \-c
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.IR config,
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.BI \-d device
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and
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.BI \-f font
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options direct the font and type face selections.
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.PP
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The
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.BI \-d device
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option specifies the name of the device.
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.I Cawf
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has three built\-in devices \- ANSI, NONE and NORMAL.
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When the ANSI device is selected,
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.I cawf
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issues the ANSI shadow mode control codes, ``ESC [ 7 m'', to represent
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the bold face;
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the ANSI underscore control codes, ``ESC [ 4 m'', to represent the italic
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face;
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and the ANSI control codes, ``ESC [ 0 m'', to represent the ROMAN face.
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No
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.BI \-f font
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specification is permitted with the ANSI device.
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.PP
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When the NONE device is selected,
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.I cawf
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uses no special output codes to represent the type faces.
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No
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.BI \-f font
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specification is permitted with the ANSI device.
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.PP
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The NORMAL output device is the default.
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When it's selected,
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.I cawf
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overprints each bold character two times, using three issuances of each
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bold character, separated by backspace characters;
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it issues an underscore and backspace before each italic character.
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No
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.BI \-f font
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specification is permitted with the ANSI device.
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The
|
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.IR bsfilt (1)
|
|
filter may be used to further process the backspace codes output for
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a NORMAL device.
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.PP
|
|
All other devices named in the
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.BI \-d device
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option must be represented by a stanza in the device configuration file.
|
|
The device configuration file is usually contained in
|
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.I device.cf
|
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in
|
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.IR cawf's
|
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library directory (see the
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.B FILES
|
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section for more information).
|
|
An alternate device configuration file path may be specified with the
|
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.BI \-c config
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option.
|
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.PP
|
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The
|
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.B DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE
|
|
section describes the organization of the device configuration file.
|
|
It is easy to add devices to the
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.I device.cf
|
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supplied in the
|
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.I cawf
|
|
distribution.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
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.BI \-f font
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option may be used with the
|
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.BI \-d device
|
|
option, when the appropriate stanza in the device configuration file
|
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contains an entry for the named
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.IR font .
|
|
The
|
|
.B DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE
|
|
section describes how fonts are defined in device configuration file
|
|
stanzas.
|
|
.SH DEVICE CONFIGURATION FILE
|
|
The device configuration file defines the special character codes
|
|
necessary to direct output devices to select fonts and to produce
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bold, italic and Roman type faces.
|
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.PP
|
|
The configuration file is usually found in
|
|
.I device.cf
|
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in
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.IR cawf 's
|
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library directory (see the
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.B FILES
|
|
section for more information).
|
|
It is organized into two main parts \- comments and device stanzas.
|
|
Comments are any lines that begin with the pound sign (`#') character.
|
|
They are informational only and
|
|
.I cawf
|
|
ignores them.
|
|
.I Cawf
|
|
also ignores empty lines, so they may be used as vertical white space.
|
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.PP
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Stanzas name devices and define their font and type face control strings.
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A stanza begins with the name of the device, starting at the beginning
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of a line and occupying the entire line.
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The body of the stanza, defining fonts and type faces, is formed of
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lines beginning with white space (a TAB or space characters) that
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directly follow the device name.
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.PP
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Individual lines of the stanza body contain a key character, followed
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by a equal sign, followed by the font name (if a font key) and the
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output device control codes.
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.I Cawf
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issues the font control codes once, at the beginning of output, so
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only one font may be selected.
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The type face control codes are issued at each change of type face.
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.PP
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The key characters are:
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.ne 4
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.PP
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.RS
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.nf
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b for bold
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f for font definition
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i for italic
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r for Roman
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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The `b', `i' and `r' key codes are followed by an equal sign (`=') and
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their control code definition.
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The `f' key code is followed by an equal sign (`='), the font name,
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another equal sign and the font control code definition.
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.PP
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Control code definitions may contain any printable ASCII characters.
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Non\-printable characters may be encoded in octal notation with the `\\nnn'
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form or in hexadecimal with the `\\xnn' form.
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The special code, `\\E' (or `\\e') represents the ESC control
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character (\\033 or \\x1b).
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.PP
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Here's a sample showing the definition for the HP LaserJet III.
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The stanza name is ``lj3''.
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All its non\-printable characters are ESCs; the first is coded in
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octal form; the second with '\\E'; the rest, in hexadecimal form.
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TAB is used as the leading white space character for the stanza
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body lines.
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.PP
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.RS
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.nf
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# HP LaserJet III
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lj3
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b=\\033(s7B
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i=\\E(s1S
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r=\\x1b(s0B\\x1b(s0S
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f=c10=\x1b&l0O\x1b(8U\x1b(s0p12h10v0s0b3T
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f=c12ibm=\x1b&l0O\x1b(10U\x1b(s0p10.00h12.0v0s0b3T
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f=lg12=\x1b&l0O\x1b(8U\x1b(s12h12v0s0b6T
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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The distribution
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.I device.cf
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file defines the following devices and fonts.
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.LP
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.ta \w'kxp1180'u+3n +\w'Italic:'u+3n +\w'bps10'u+6n
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.nf
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.ne 3
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epson dot matrix printer in Epson FX-86e/FX-800 mode
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Bold: Double-strike
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Fonts: none
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.ne 4
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ibmppds IBM Personal Printer Data Stream (PPDS) protocol
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Bold: Double-strike
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Italic: Underline
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Fonts: none
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.ne 12
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kxp1124 Panasonic KX\-P1124 dot matrix printer in PGM mode
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Bold: Emphasized
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Fonts: c10 10 Characters Per Inch (CPI) Courier
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c12 12 CPI Courier
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bps10 10 CPI Bold PS
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bps12 12 CPI Bold PS
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p10 10 CPI Prestige
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p12 12 CPI Prestige
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s10 10 CPI Script
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s12 12 CPI Script
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ss10 10 CPI Sans Serif
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ss12 12 CPI Sans Serif
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|
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.ne 10
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kxp1180 Panasonic KX\-P1180 dot matrix printer in PGM mode
|
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Bold: Emphasized
|
|
Fonts: c10 10 Characters Per Inch (CPI) Courier
|
|
c12 12 CPI Courier
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bps10 10 CPI Bold PS
|
|
bps12 12 CPI Bold PS
|
|
p10 10 CPI Prestige
|
|
p12 12 CPI Prestige
|
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ss10 10 CPI Sans Serif
|
|
ss12 12 CPI Sans Serif
|
|
|
|
.ne 6
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|
lj3 HP LaserJet III
|
|
Fonts: c10 10 point, 12 Characters Per Inch (CPI)
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|
Courier
|
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c12ibm 12 point, 10 CPI Courier, IBM\-PC
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Symbol Set
|
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lg12 12 point, 12 CPI Letter Gothic
|
|
|
|
.ne 4
|
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vgamono VGA monochrome monitor for MS\-DOS
|
|
(ANSI.SYS driver required for MS\-DOS)
|
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Italic: Reverse-video
|
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Fonts: none
|
|
.SH FILES
|
|
.I Cawf
|
|
resource files are located in the
|
|
.I cawf
|
|
library directory \- \fI C:\\SYS\\LIB\\CAWF\fP, the MS\-DOS environment
|
|
default;
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or
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.IR /usr/lib/cawf ,
|
|
the UNIX environment default.
|
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These defaults can be overridden by the CAWFLIB environment variable,
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|
or changed in the cawflib.h header file.
|
|
|
|
.ta \w'device.cf'u+3n
|
|
.nf
|
|
common common device-independent initialization
|
|
device.cf output device configurations
|
|
*.dev device-specific initialization
|
|
m*.mac macro package files
|
|
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
|
|
Unlike
|
|
.IR nroff ,
|
|
.I cawf
|
|
complains whenever it sees unknown requests.
|
|
All diagnostics appear on the standard error file.
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|
.ad
|
|
.SH HISTORY
|
|
Vic Abell of Purdue University <abe@cc.purdue.edu> derived
|
|
.I cawf
|
|
from
|
|
.IR awf ,
|
|
\&``the Amazingly Workable (text) Formatter,''
|
|
written by Henry Spencer of the University of Toronto.
|
|
The Toronto work was a supplement to the C News project.
|
|
The Purdue effort was aimed at producing a C language version that
|
|
would run on small systems, particularly MS\-DOS ones.
|
|
The adaptation of the
|
|
.B me
|
|
macros was done by Chet Creider <creider@csd.uwo.ca>.
|
|
Chet also contributed ideas for device, font and type face support.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The MS\-DOS version of
|
|
.I cawf
|
|
has been compiled with version 2.5 of Microsoft's Quick-C compiler.
|
|
It runs under the Mortis Kern Systems Toolkit KornShell,
|
|
.IR ksh (1),
|
|
and COMMAND.COM.
|
|
.SH BUGS
|
|
Nroff and troff mavens will have many complaints.
|
|
Some may even represent bugs and not deliberate omissions.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Watch out for scaling factors - especially on requests like
|
|
.BR \ew .
|
|
.PP
|
|
The overprinting required to create bold and italicized characters is
|
|
tiresome on a slow printer.
|
|
The
|
|
.IR bsfilt (1)
|
|
post\-filter from this distribution may be used to alleviate that
|
|
nuisance by managing the backspacing codes from
|
|
.IR cawf 's
|
|
NORMAL device output.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The printing of bold and italic characters is sometimes better handled by
|
|
special printer codes.
|
|
Use
|
|
.IR cawf 's
|
|
.B \-c
|
|
.IR config ,
|
|
.BI \-d device
|
|
and
|
|
.BI \-f font
|
|
options to produce special font and device output control codes.
|
|
.PP
|
|
.I Cawf
|
|
has a small amount of built-in code for the
|
|
.BR man ,
|
|
.B me
|
|
and
|
|
.B ms
|
|
macro packages, but none for any others.
|
|
.PP
|
|
The stacking for the
|
|
.B .so
|
|
request is limited.
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
|
bsfilt(1),
|
|
colcrt(1),
|
|
man(7),
|
|
me(7),
|
|
ms(7)
|
|
and
|
|
nroff(1).
|